Chapter 8
1) Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety in
all organisms? A) Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy
from food.
B) Metabolism uses all of an organism's
resources.
C) Metabolism consists of all the energy
transformation reactions in an organism.
D) Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism.
Answer: C
2) Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?
A) water rushing over Niagara Falls
B) light flashes emitted
by a firefly
C) a molecule of glucose
D) a crawling beetle foraging for food
Answer: C
3) Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because _____.
A) heat is not a form of energy
B) temperature is usually
uniform throughout a cell
C) heat can never be used to do work
D) heat must remain constant during work
Answer: B
4) Which of the following involves a decrease in entropy?
A) condensation reactions
B) reactions that separate
monomers
C) depolymerization reactions
D) hydrolysis reactions
Answer: A
5) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of
breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
A) catabolism
(catabolic pathways)
B) metabolism
C) anabolism (anabolic pathways)
D) dehydration
Answer: A
6) Anabolic pathways _____.
A) are usually highly spontaneous
chemical reactions
B) consume energy to build up polymers from
monomers
C) release energy as they degrade polymers to
monomers
D) consume energy to decrease the entropy of the
organism and its environment
Answer: B
7) Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?
A) Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
B) The entropy of
the universe is decreasing.
C) The entropy of the universe is constant.
D) Energy cannot be transferred or transformed
Answer: A
8) For living organisms, which of the following is an important
consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?
A) The energy
content of an organism is constant.
B) The organism ultimately
must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.
C) The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity.
D) Organisms grow by converting energy into organic matter.
Answer: B
9) Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in
a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the
second law of thermodynamics?
A) Living organisms do not obey
the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must
increase with time.
B) Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease
in entropy as the organism grows is exactly balanced by an increase in
the entropy of the universe.
C) As a consequence of growing,
organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment
than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.
D) Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy.
Answer: C
10) Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the
second law of thermodynamics?
A) If the entropy of a system
increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of
the universe.
B) If there is an increase in the energy of a
system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the
rest of the universe.
C) Every chemical reaction must increase
the total entropy of the universe.
D) Energy can be transferred
or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Answer: C
11) Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?
A) Conversion of energy from one form to another is always
accompanied by some gain of free energy.
B) Without an input of
energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy.
C) Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization. D) Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe.
Answer: C
12) Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
A) anabolic reactions
B) hydrolysis
C) digestion
D) catabolic reactions
Answer: A
13) Biological evolution of life on Earth, from simple
prokaryote-like cells to large, multicellular eukaryotic organisms,
_____.
A) has occurred in accordance with the laws of
thermodynamics
B) has caused an increase in the entropy of the planet
C) has been made possible by expending Earth's energy
resources
D) has occurred in accordance with the laws of
thermodynamics, by expending Earth's energy resources and causing an
increase in the entropy of the planet
Answer: A
14) The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a
system is ΔG =ΔH - TΔS. Which of the following is (are) correct?
A) ΔS is the change in enthalpy, a measure of randomness.
B) ΔH
is the change in entropy, the energy available to do work.
C) ΔG is the change in free energy.
D) T is the temperature in
degrees Celsius.
Answer: C
15) A system at chemical equilibrium _____. A) consumes energy at a
steady rate
B) releases energy at a steady rate
C) has
zero kinetic energy
D) can do no work
Answer: D
16) Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?
A) The products have more total energy than the reactants.
B)
The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.
C) The
reaction goes only in a forward direction: all reactants will be
converted to products, but no products will be converted to reactants.
D) A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed.
Answer: B
17) A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is best described as _____.
A) endergonic
B) enthalpic
C) spontaneous
D) exergonic
Answer: A
18) Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells. An
example of a reaction at chemical equilibrium in a cell would be
_____.
A) one in which the free energy at equilibrium is higher
than the energy content at any point away from equilibrium
B) one in which the entropy change in the reaction is just balanced
by an opposite entropy change in the cell's surroundings
C) an
endergonic reaction in an active metabolic pathway where the energy
for that reaction is supplied only by heat from the environment
D) a chemical reaction in which both the reactants and products are
not being produced or used in any active metabolic pathway at that
time in the cell
Answer: D
19) Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence:
Catabolism is to anabolism as _____ is to _____.
A) exergonic;
spontaneous
B) exergonic; endergonic
C) free energy; entropy
D) work; energy
Answer: B
20) In solution, why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily than condensation reactions?
A) Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exergonic.
B)
Hydrolysis raises G, or Gibbs free energy.
C) Hydrolysis
decreases entropy and is exergonic.
D) Hydrolysis increases entropy and is endergonic.
Answer: A
21) Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
A) Its
hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic
reactions.
B) It provides energy coupling between exergonic and
endergonic reactions.
C) Its terminal phosphate group contains a
strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases free
energy.
D) Its terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than
the other two phosphate bonds.
Answer: B
22) When 10,000 molecules of ATP are hydrolyzed to ADP and i in a test tube, about half as much heat is liberated as when a cell hydrolyzes the same amount of ATP. Which of the following is the best explanation for this observation?
A) Cells are open systems, but a test tube is an isolated
system.
B) Cells are less efficient at heat production than
nonliving systems.
C) The reaction in cells must be catalyzed by enzymes, but the
reaction in a test tube does not need enzymes.
D) Reactant and
product concentrations in the test tube are different from those in
the cell.
Answer: D
23) Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP?
A) a pentose sugar
B) a DNA nucleotide
C) an RNA nucleotide
D) an amino acid with three phosphate groups attached
Answer: C
24) Catabolic pathways _____.
A) combine molecules into more
energy-rich molecules
B) supply energy, primarily in the form of
ATP, for the cell's work
C) are endergonic
D) are spontaneous and do not need enzyme catalysis
Answer: B
25) When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an
organism, what happens to the heat generated?
A) It is used to
power yet more cellular work.
B) It is used to store energy as
more ATP.
C) It is used to generate ADP from nucleotide precursors.
D) It is lost to the environment.
Answer: D
26) When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic
phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell?
A) It is secreted as waste.
B) It is used only to regenerate
more ATP.
C) It may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate.
D) It enters the nucleus and affects gene expression.
Answer: C
27) A number of systems for pumping ions across membranes are powered by ATP. Such ATP- powered pumps are often called ATPases, although they do not often hydrolyze ATP unless they are simultaneously transporting ions. Because small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol can trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, cells keep the cytosolic calcium concentration quite low under normal conditions, using ATP-powered calcium pumps. For example, muscle cells transport calcium from the cytosol into the membranous system called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). If a resting muscle cell's cytosol has a free calcium ion concentration of 10-7 while the concentration in the SR is 10-2, then how is the ATPase acting?
A) ATPase activity must be powering an inflow of calcium from the
outside of the cell into the SR.
B) ATPase activity must be
transferring i to the SR to enable this to occur.
C) ATPase activity must be pumping calcium from the cytosol to the
SR against the concentration gradient.
D) ATPase activity must
be opening a channel for the calcium ions to diffuse back into the SR
along the concentration gradient.
Answer: C
28) Which of the following is the most correct interpretation of the
figure?
A) Energy from catabolism can be used directly for
performing cellular work.
B) ADP + i are a set of molecules that store energy for catabolism.
C) ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store energy for cellular work.
D) i acts as a shuttle molecule to move energy from ATP to ADP.
Answer: C
29) How do cells use the ATP cycle shown in the figure?
A)
Cells use the cycle to recycle ADP and phosphate.
B) Cells use
the cycle to recycle energy released by ATP hydrolysis.
C) Cells
use the cycle to recycle ADP, phosphate, and the energy released by
ATP hydrolysis.
D) Cells use the cycle primarily to generate heat.
Answer: A
30) Which of the following is true of enzymes?
A) Enzyme
function is increased if the 3- D structure or conformation of an
enzyme is altered.
B) Enzyme function is independent of physical and chemical
environmental factors such as pH and temperature.
C) Enzymes
increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy
barriers.
D) Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction by
providing activation energy to the substrate.
Answer: C
31) Which of the following is true when comparing an uncatalyzed
reaction to the same reaction with a catalyst?
A) The catalyzed
reaction will be slower.
B) The catalyzed reaction will have the
same ∆G.
C) The catalyzed reaction will have higher activation energy.
D) The catalyzed reaction will consume all of the catalyst.
Answer: B
32) The lock-and-key analogy for enzymes applies to the specificity
of enzymes _____. A) as they form their tertiary and quaternary
structure
B) binding to their substrate
C) interacting
with water
D) interacting with ions
Answer: B
33) You have discovered an enzyme that can catalyze two different
chemical reactions. Which of the following is most likely to be
correct?
A) The enzyme contains α-helices and β-pleated
sheets.
B) The enzyme is subject to competitive inhibition and
allosteric regulation.
C) Two types of allosteric regulation occur: The binding of one
molecule activates the enzyme, while the binding of a different
molecule inhibits it.
D) Either the enzyme has two distinct
active sites or the reactants involved in the two reactions are very
similar in size and shape.
Answer: D
34) Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical
reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the
reaction's _____.
A) entropy
B) activation energy
C) equilibrium point
D) free-energy content
Answer: B
35) During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an
enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a ∆G of -20 kcal/mol. If you double the
amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the ∆G for the new
reaction?
A) -40 kcal/mol
B) -20 kcal/mol
C) 0 kcal/mol
D) +20 kcal/mol
Answer: B
36) The active site of an enzyme is the region that _____.
A) binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme
B) is involved in
the catalytic reaction of the enzyme
C) binds noncompetitive
inhibitors of the enzyme
D) is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor
Answer: B
37) According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis,
_____.
A) the binding of the substrate depends on the shape of
the active site
B) some enzymes change their structure when
activators bind to the enzyme
C) the binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site
D) the active site creates a microenvironment ideal for the reaction
Answer: C
38) Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction
could overcome which of the following?
A) the need for a
coenzyme
B) allosteric inhibition
C) competitive inhibition
D) insufficient cofactors
Answer: C
39) Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present
in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most
likely functions as _____.
A) a noncompetitive inhibitor of the
enzyme
B) an allosteric activator of the enzyme
C) a cofactor necessary for enzyme activity D) a coenzyme derived from a vitamin
Answer: C
40) A noncompetitive inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzyme reaction by _____.
A) binding at the active site of the enzyme
B) changing the
shape of the enzyme's active site
C) changing the free energy
change of the reaction
D) acting as a coenzyme for the reaction
Answer: B
42) How might a change of one amino acid at a site, distant from the
active site of an enzyme, alter an enzyme's substrate
specificity?
A) by changing the enzyme's stability
B) by
changing the shape of an enzyme
C) by changing the enzyme's pH optimum
D) An amino acid change
away from the active site cannot alter the enzyme's substrate specificity.
Answer: B
43) For the enzyme- catalyzed reaction shown in the figure, if the
initial reactant concentration is 1.0 micromolar, which of these
treatments will cause the greatest increase in the rate of the
reaction?
A) doubling the activation energy needed
B) cooling the reaction by 10°C
C) doubling the enzyme
concentration
D) increasing the concentration of reactants to
10.0 micromolar, while reducing the concentration of enzyme by 1/2
Answer: C
Succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, which resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the ratio of succinate to malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect of malonic acid.
50) Based on this information, which of the following is
correct?
A) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and fumarate
is the substrate.
B) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and
malonic acid is the substrate.
C) Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product.
D)
Fumarate is the product, and malonic acid is a noncompetitive inhibitor.
Answer: C
Succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, which resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the ratio of succinate to malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect of malonic acid.
51) What is malonic acid's role with respect to succinate dehydrogenase? Malonic acid _____.
A) is a competitive inhibitor
B) blocks the binding of
fumarate
C) is a noncompetitive inhibitor
D) is an allosteric regulator
Answer: A
52) HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. In the mid-1990s, researchers discovered an enzyme in HIV called protease. Once the enzyme's structure was known, researchers began looking for drugs that would fit into the active site and block it. If this strategy for stopping HIV infections were successful, it would be an example of what phenomenon?
A) vaccination
B) denaturation
C) allosteric
regulation
D) competitive inhibition
Answer: D
A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X → Y → Z → A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme.
53) What is substance X?
A) an allosteric inhibitor
B) a substrate
C) an intermediate
D) the product
Answer: B
A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X → Y → Z → A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme.
54) With respect to the enzyme that converts X to Y, substance A functions as _____.
A) an allosteric inhibitor
B) the substrate
C) an intermediate
D) a competitive inhibitor
Answer: A
55) The mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway
inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is most precisely described as
_____.
A) metabolic inhibition
B) feedback inhibition
C) allosteric inhibition
D) noncooperative inhibition
Answer: B
56) You have isolated a previously unstudied protein, identified its complete structure in detail, and determined that it catalyzes the breakdown of a large substrate. You notice it has two binding sites. One of these is large, apparently the bonding site for the large substrate; the other is small, possibly a binding site for a regulatory molecule. What do these findings tell you about the mechanism of this protein?
A) It is probably a structural protein that is involved in cell-to-cell adhesion.
B) It is probably an enzyme that works through allosteric
regulation.
C) It is probably an enzyme that works through
competitive inhibition.
D) It is probably a cell membrane
transport protein–like an ion channel.
Answer: B
57) Allosteric enzyme regulation is usually associated with _____.
A) feedback inhibition
B) activating activity
C) an
enzyme with more than one subunit
D) the need for cofactors
Answer: C
58) Which of the following is an example of cooperativity?
A)
the binding of an end product of a metabolic pathway to the first
enzyme that acts in the pathway
B) one enzyme in a metabolic
pathway passing its product to act as a substrate for the next enzyme
in the pathway
C) a molecule binding at one unit of a tetramer,
allowing faster binding at each of the other three
D) binding of an ATP molecule along with one of the substrate molecules in an active site
Answer: C
59) Besides turning enzymes on or off, what other means does a cell
use to control enzymatic activity?
A) localization of enzymes
into specific organelles or membranes
B) exporting enzymes out
of the cell
C) connecting enzymes into large aggregates
D) hydrophobic interactions
Answer: A
60) Protein kinases are enzymes that transfer the terminal phosphate from ATP to an amino acid residue on the target protein. Many are located on the plasma membrane as integral membrane proteins or peripheral membrane proteins. What purpose may be served by their plasma membrane localization?
A) ATP is more abundant near the plasma membrane.
B) They can
more readily encounter and phosphorylate other membrane
proteins.
C) Membrane localization lowers the activation energy
of the phosphorylation reaction.
D) They flip back and forth across the membrane to access target proteins on either side.
Answer: B
61) Biological systems use free energy based on empirical data that
all organisms require a constant energy input. The first law of
thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor
destroyed. For living organisms, which of the following statements is
an important consequence of this first law?
A) The energy
content of an organism is constant except for when its cells are
dividing.
B) The organism must ultimately obtain all the
necessary energy for life from its environment.
C) The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism
grows in complexity.
D) Organisms are unable to transform energy
from the different states in which it can exist.
Answer: B
62) In a biological reaction, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, a substance that resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the amount of succinate molecules to those of malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect if malonic acid. Select the correct identification of the molecules described in the reaction.
A) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and fumarate is the
substrate in the reaction.
B) Succinate dehydrogenase is the
enzyme, and malonic acid is the substrate in the reaction.
C) Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product in the
reaction.
D) Fumarate is the product, and malonic acid is a
noncompetitive inhibitor in the reaction.
Answer: C