1407 Test 3 Final
2) Most of the neurons in the human brain are
A) sensory
neurons.
B) motor neurons.
C) interneurons.
D)
auditory neurons.
E) peripheral neurons.
Answer: C
5) The somatic nervous system can alter the activities of its
targets, the skeletal muscle fibers, because
A) it is
electrically coupled by gap junctions to the muscles.
B) its
signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles.
C) its signals
reach the muscles via the blood.
D) its light pulses activate
contraction in the muscles.
E) it is connected to the internal
neural network of the muscles.
Answer: B
7) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by
A) the dendritic membrane.
B) the presynaptic membrane.
C) axon hillocks.
D) cell bodies.
E) ducts on the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer: B
8) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by
A) the dendritic membrane.
B) the presynaptic membrane.
C) axon hillocks.
D) cell bodies.
E) ducts on the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer: A
12) The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves
A) sodium and potassium ions into the cell.
B) sodium and
potassium ions out of the cell.
C) sodium ions into the cell and
potassium ions out of the cell.
D) sodium ions out of the cell
and potassium ions into the cell.
E) sodium and potassium ions
into the mitochondria.
Answer: D
23) Action potentials move along axons
A) more slowly in axons
of large than in small diameter.
B) by the direct action of
acetylcholine on the axonal membrane.
C) by activating the
sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal
membrane.
D) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated
axons.
E) by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium
and potassium ions.
Answer: D
33) Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via
A)
osmosis.
B) active transport.
C) diffusion.
D)
transcytosis.
E) exocytosis.
Answer: E
40) The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse.
1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the
postsynaptic membrane.
2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's
cytoplasm.
3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of
the axon terminal.
4. The ligand-gated ion channels open.
5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the
synaptic cleft.
Which sequence of events is correct?
A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5
B) 2 → 3 → 5 → 4 → 1
C) 3 → 2 → 5
→ 1 → 4
D) 4 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 5
E) 5 → 1 → 2 → 4 → 3
Answer: C
58) The botulinum toxin reduces the synaptic release of
A)
acetylcholine.
B) epinephrine.
C) endorphin.
D)
nitric oxide.
E) GABA.
Answer: A
41) The activity of acetylcholine in a synapse is terminated by
A) its active transport across the presynaptic membrane.
B) its diffusion across the presynaptic membrane.
C) its
active transport across the postsynaptic membrane.
D) its
diffusion across the postsynaptic membrane.
E) its degradation
by a hydrolytic enzyme on the postsynaptic membrane.
Answer: E
50) Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional
importance in assuring one-way synaptic transmission because they are
mostly found on the
A) axonal membrane.
B) axon hillock.
C) dendritic membrane.
D) mitochondrial membrane.
E)
presynaptic membrane.
Answer: C
4) An organism that lacks integration centers
A) cannot receive
stimuli.
B) will not have a nervous system.
C) will not be
able to interpret stimuli.
D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons.
Answer: C
9) The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact
A) spinal
cord.
B) hypothalamus.
C) corpus callosum.
D)
cerebellum.
E) medulla.
Answer: A
10) The blood-brain barrier
A) is formed by tight junctions.
B) is formed by oligodendrocytes.
C) tightly regulates the
intracellular environment of the CNS.
D) uses chemical signals
to communicate with the spinal cord.
E) provides support to the
brain tissue.
Answer: A
8) The cerebrospinal fluid is
A) a filtrate of the blood.
B) a secretion of glial cells.
C) a secretion of
interneurons.
D) cytosol secreted from ependymal cells.
E)
secreted by the hypothalamus.
Answer: A
11) Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the
A) gray
matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord.
B)
white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord.
C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal
cord.
D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the
spinal cord.
E) all areas of the brain and spinal cord.
Answer: D
14) The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or
opposing, actions are
A) motor and sensory systems.
B)
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
C) presynaptic and
postsynaptic membranes.
D) forebrain and hindbrain.
E)
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
Answer: B
15) Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation
of the ________ nervous system.
A) sympathetic
B) somatic
C) central
D) visceral
E) parasympathetic
Answer: A
18) The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic
nervous system is associated with
A) resting and digesting.
B) release of epinephrine into the blood.
C) increased
metabolic rate.
D) fight-or-flight responses.
E) intensive
aerobic exercise.
Answer: A
26) Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean
because
A) they cease breathing while sleeping and remain
underwater.
B) they sleep for only 30 minutes at a time, which
is the maximum interval they can cease breathing.
C) they fill
their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface
of the water while they sleep.
D) they move to shallow water to
sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the
surface of the water.
E) they alternate which half of their
brains is asleep and which half is awake
Answer: E
23) Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities
associated with increased activity in the
A) pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.
E) spinal cord.
Answer: C
33) The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by
activity in the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C)
thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: B
brainstem
controls breathing and heartrate
31) Which of the following structures are correctly paired?
A)
forebrain and medulla oblongata
B) forebrain and cerebellum
C) midbrain and cerebrum
D) hindbrain and cerebellum
E) brainstem and anterior pituitary gland
Answer: D
41) Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect
A)
olfaction.
B) vision.
C) speech.
D) memory.
E) hearing.
Answer: C
42) Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired
with one of its primary functions?
A) frontal lobedecision
making
B) occipital lobecontrol of skeletal muscles
C)
temporal lobevisual processing
D) cerebellumlanguage
comprehension
E) occipital lobespeech production
Answer: A
46) Wernicke's area
A) is active when speech is heard and
comprehended.
B) is active during the generation of speech.
C) coordinates the response to olfactory sensation.
D) is
active when you are reading silently.
E) is found on the left
side of the brain.
Answer: A
48) Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes
in the
A) brainstem.
B) medulla.
C) hypothalamus.
D) hippocampus.
E) cranial nerves.
Answer: D
45) Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by
discoveries involving
A) the degree of convolutions in the
brain's surface.
B) the evolution of the telencephalon.
C)
the sequence of developmental specialization.
D) the chemicals
involved in brain communications.
E) the nature of the
blood-brain barrier.
Answer: D
59) When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe,
or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would
A) lose the
ability to reason.
B) lose all short-term memory.
C) have
greatly altered emotional responses.
D) lose all long-term
memory.
E) lose their sense of balance.
Answer: C
52) Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that
A)
schizophrenia results in hallucinations.
B) schizophrenia
results in both manic and depressive states.
C) schizophrenia
results in decreased dopamine.
D) bipolar disorder involves both
genes and environment.
E) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines.
Answer: A
Bipolar disorder is similar to schizophrenia in that researchers
suspect that both include trouble with the neurotransmitter
A)
dopamine.
B) acetylcholine.
C) norepinephrine.
D)
nitric oxide.
E) ethanol.
Answer: A
most drug addictions
effect dopamine pathways
After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front
of him but pays attention only to objects in his right field of
vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty
judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely
damaged by the stroke?
A) the left frontal lobe
B) the
right frontal lobe
C) the left parietal lobe
D) the right
parietal lobe
E) the corpus callosum
Answer: D
Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt
A) short-term memory.
B) coordination during locomotion.
C) executive functions, such as decision making.
D)
sorting of sensory information.
E) regulation of body temperature.
Answer: E
Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty
A)
coordinating limb movement.
B) generating speech.
C)
recognizing faces.
D) understanding language.
E)
experiencing emotion.
Answer: D
Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired
with its function?
A) limbic systemmotor control of speech
B) medulla oblongatahomeostatic control
C)
cerebellumcoordination of movement and balance
D) corpus
callosumcommunication between the left and right cerebral cortices
E) amygdalaemotional memory
Answer: A
Although an exact count is not available, it is likely that the human
brain has as many as
A) 10,000 neurons.
B) 500,000
neurons.
C) 1 million neurons.
D) 10 million neurons.
E) 100 billion neurons.
Answer: E
Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the
anterior part of the animal, is apparent in
A) Hydra.
B)
cnidarians.
C) Planaria.
D) sea stars.
E)
invertebrate animals with radial symmetry.
Answer: C
In the human knee-jerk reflex, as the calf is raised from the
vertical toward the horizontal, the muscles of the quadriceps (flexors
on the ventral side of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring
(extensors on the dorsal side of the thighs) are
A) both excited
and contracting.
B) both inhibited and relaxed.
C) excited
and inhibited, respectively.
D) inhibited and excited, respectively.
Answer: C
The stretch receptors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk
reflex are located in the
A) gastrocnemius muscle, in the calf.
B) cartilage of the knee.
C) quadriceps, the flexor
muscles on the ventral side of the thighs.
D) hamstring, the
extensor muscles on the dorsal side of the thighs.
E) brain, the
sensorimotor relay.
Answer: C
Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as all of the following except
A) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through
the brain.
B) a product of the filtration of blood in the brain.
C) formed from layers of connective tissue.
D) functioning
to cushion the brain.
E) filling cavities in the brain called ventricles.
Answer: C
16) Exercise and emergency reactions include
A) increased
activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system.
B)
increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the
parasympathetic branches.
C) decreased activity in the
sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic branches.
D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system.
E)
reduced heart rate and blood pressure.
Answer: B
25) The endogenous nature of biological rhythms is based on the
observations that animals isolated from light and dark cues
A)
continue to have cycles of exactly 24 hours' duration.
B)
continue to have cycles of approximately 24 hours' duration; some more
rapid, some slower.
C) synchronize activity with whatever
lighting cycle is imposed on them.
D) cease having any rhythms.
E) are independent of any genetic determinants.
Answer: B
27) The limbic system in the central nervous system sustains many
vegetative functions in mammals and is closely associated with
structures that process cues about
A) gustation.
B)
olfaction.
C) vision.
D) audition.
E) mechanosensation.
Answer: B
29) Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in
the activity of the
A) corpus callosum.
B) medulla
oblongata.
C) thalamus.
D) pituitary.
E) cerebellum.
Answer: B
30) The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are
associated with the
A) thalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C)
medulla oblongata.
D) corpus callosum.
E) cerebrum.
Answer: C
32) Hormones that are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are
made in the
A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.
Answer: D
58) Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This
could be described as a state with
A) increased activity in the
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems.
B)
decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
nervous systems.
C) decreased activity in the sympathetic
nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and
enteric nervous systems.
D) increased activity in the
sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the
parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems.
E) increased
activity in the sympathetic nervous system, decreased activity in the
parasympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the enteric
nervous system.
Answer: C
22) The "threshold" potential of a membrane
A) is the
point of separation from a living to a dead neuron.
B) is the
lowest frequency of action potentials a neuron can produce.
C)
is the minimum hyperpolarization needed to prevent the occurrence of
action potentials.
D) is the minimum depolarization needed to
operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels.
E) is
the peak amount of depolarization seen in an action potential.
Answer: D
21) A "resting" motor neuron is expected to
A)
release lots of acetylcholine.
B) have high permeability to
sodium ions.
C) be equally permeable to sodium and potassium
ions.
D) exhibit a resting potential that is more negative than
the "threshold" potential.
E) have a higher
concentration of sodium ions on the inside of the cell than on the outside.
Answer: D
28) An action potential can start in the middle of an axon and
proceed in both opposite directions when
A) the neuron is an
inhibitory neuron and operating normally.
B) only the middle
section of the axon has been artificially stimulated by an electrode.
C) the dendritic region fires an action potential.
D) it
is in its typical refractory state.
E) its membrane potential is
above the threshold.
Answer: B
32) The surface on a neuron that discharges the contents of synaptic
vesicles is the
A) dendrite.
B) axon hillock.
C)
node of Ranvier.
D) postsynaptic membrane.
E) presynaptic membrane.
Answer: E
34) The fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials is
observed in
A) thin, non-myelinated neurons.
B) thin,
myelinated neurons.
C) thick, non-myelinated neurons.
D)
thick, myelinated neurons.
Answer: D