Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.

breaks down complex structures to simpler ones

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

lipids

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

osmosis

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.

glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors

Chemical digestion of starch begins in the _____.

mouth

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?

nucleic acid

The renal ___________ is continuous with the ureter.

pelvis

Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion?

Hydrogen

The site of electron transport is the:

mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

nephron

The gall bladder stores and releases bile, but does not produce it.

True

Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________.

is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones

In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the:

duodenum.

Urine passes through the ________.

pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

renal fascia

The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate:

untreated diabetes mellitus.

The blood supply to the nephron is the:

afferent arteriole.

Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including ____________________.

inefficiency of infant kidneys.

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.

biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?

They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia).

Peristaltic waves are ________.

waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

Lipogenesis occurs when ________.

cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?

metabolic acidosis

A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is:

reduced blood volume.

Any arterial pH between _________ is considered physiological acidosis.

7.0 - 7.35

The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?

canine tooth

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

amylase

Essential nutrients refer to nutrients that are:

obtained from an outside source because the body cannot make them.

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.

conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
1. major calyx
2. minor calyx
3. nephron
4. urethra
5. ureter
6. collecting duct

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.

larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

adrenal

In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________.

production of energy

During deglutition, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the:

gastroesophageal sphincter.

You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food?

The Pancreas

Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?

Diet

The colon includes all of the following regions EXCEPT____.

longitudinal

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________.

catabolism

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

After food is mixed with digestive juices in the stomach, it is referred to as _____.

Chyme

All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules, except:

Filtration

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.

inhibits the release of ADH

Normal arterial blood pH is:

between 7.35 and 7.45

Which statement is correct?

Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.

Which of the following is not true of saliva?

contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

the stretching of the bladder wall

The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ________.

muscle mass and metabolism decline with age

The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the:

renal corpuscle.

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.

chemical digestion

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________.

is longer than the small intestine

A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________.

Bile

The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

The major source of water loss from the body is:

Urine