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22.5

1.

lung collapse due to air or too much fluid entering pleural space

pneumothorax

2.

what is pneumothorax caused by

  • spontaneous
  • trauma
3.

how do you treat pneumothorax ?

removing air or fluid

  • restores negative pressure
  • needle or chest tube
4.

each lung is independent

true

5.

breathing in

inspiration

6.

Diaphragm contracts

inspiration

7.

flattens and moves inferiorly

diaphragm contracts

8.

external intercostal muscles contract

inspiration

9.

lifts the rib cage

external intercostal muscles contract

10.

inspiration increases volume of thoracic cavity

true

11.

air flows into lungs

inspiration

12.

during inspiration Ppul < Patm (by 1 mmHg)

true

13.

what muscles are used during forced inspiration ?

scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor

14.

when is forced inspiration needed?

vigorous exercise, disease, and lab experiments

15.

breathing out

expiration

16.

normal expiration is passive

true

17.

inspiratory muscles relax

expiration

18.

elasticity of lungs decreases volume

expiration

19.

as volume goes down, pressure goes up

true

20.

in expiration Ppul > Pulatm (by 1 mmHg)

true

21.

air flows out of lungs

expiration

22.

forced expiration is active process

true

23.

contraction of abdominal wall muscles

forced expiration

24.

what muscles contract during forced expiration ?

  • obliques
  • transverse abdominals
  • internal intercostals
25.

when is forced expiration needed?

  • singing
  • COPD
  • lab experiments
26.

paralyzing toxins kill due to suffocation

paralysis

27.

cannot change volume of thoracic cavity

paralysis

28.

air will not flow

paralysis

29.

what is an example of a paralyzing toxin

tetrodotoxin

30.

what does tetrodotoxin do?

blocks voltages gated Na+ channels in skeletal muscles

31.

formation of non-elastic tissue in lungs

pulmonary fibrosis

32.

lungs do not recoil after inspiration due to

pulmonary fibrosis

33.

what causes pulmonary fibrosis

  • infection
  • smoking
  • pollutants
34.

equation resistance to air flow

R= viscocity (length)/ radius4

35.

resistance to air flow is normally low, why?

because viscosity of air is low, compared to blood

36.

radius of airway is easily changed

true

37.

what changes the radius of the airway

bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction

38.

radius of bronchioles increase

bronchodilation

39.

increase air flow by decreasing resistance

bronchodilation

40.

what is bronchodilation caused by?

activation of sympathetic nervous system

41.

radius of bronchioles decreases

bronchoconstriction

42.

decreases air flow increasing resistance

bronchoconstriction

43.

what is bronchoconstriction caused by ?

activation of parasympathetic nervous system