Set #1 Johnson Intro Bio II Final Review
One major advantage of using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system
for studies of plant form and function is its
A) fast generation
time.
B) exceptionally large genome.
C) large seeds.
D) high tolerance to stress.
Answer: A
Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the
cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells.
A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of
sclerenchyma cells.
B) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are
thicker than those of schlerenchyma cells.
C) The cell walls of
both types of cells are roughly equal.
D) The thickness of the
cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to
be made.
Answer: A
Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system?
A) root hairdermal tissue
B) palisade parenchymaground
tissue
C) guard celldermal tissue
D) companion
cellground tissue
Answer: D
________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem.
A) Sclerenchyma
cell; collenchyma cell
B) Apical meristem; vascular cambium
C) Vessel element; sieve-tube member
D) Cortex; pith
Answer: C
A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several
growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of
bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the
plant?
A) herbaceous eudicot
B) woody eudicot
C)
woody monocot
D) herbaceous monocot
Answer: B
The following question are based on the drawing of root or stem cross
sections shown in Figure 35.2.
Figure 35.2
A
monocot stem is represented by
A) I only.
B) II only.
C) III only.
D) IV only.
Answer: B
Which of the following would be least likely to affect osmosis in
plants?
A) proton pumps in the membrane
B) a difference in
solute concentrations
C) receptor proteins in the membrane
D) aquaporins
Answer: C
Active transport of various materials in plants at the cellular level
requires all of the following except
A) xylem membranes.
B)
ATP.
C) membrane potential.
D) transport proteins
Answer: A
Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell
containing many aquaporins will
A) have a faster rate of
osmosis.
B) have a lower water potential.
C) have a higher
water potential.
D) have a faster rate of active transport.
Answer: A
Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in
phloem?
A) Diffusion can account for the observed rates of
transport.
B) Movement can occur both upward and downward in the
plant.
C) Sugar is translocated from sinks to sources.
D)
Only phloem cells with nuclei can perform sugar movement.
Answer: B
Which of the following soil minerals is most likely leached away
during a hard rain?
A) Na+
B) K+
C) Ca++
D) NO₃-
Answer: D
Nitrogen fixation is a process that
A) recycles nitrogen
compounds from dead and decaying materials.
B) converts ammonia
to ammonium.
C) releases nitrate from the rock substrate.
D) converts nitrogen gas into ammonia.
Answer: D
A group of 10 tomato plants are germinated and maintained in a large
tray with no drainage. After several weeks they all begin to wilt and
die despite repeated watering and fertilization. The most likely cause
of this die-off is
A) competition for resources.
B)
anoxia.
C) organic nutrient depletion.
D) no room left for
root growth.
Answer: B
Two groups of tomatoes were grown under laboratory conditions, one
with humus added to the soil and one a control without humus. The
leaves of the plants grown without humus were yellowish (less green)
compared with those of the plants grown in humus-enriched soil. The
best explanation for this difference is that
A) the healthy
plants used the food in the decomposing leaves of the humus for energy
to make chlorophyll.
B) the humus made the soil more loosely
packed, so water penetrated more easily to the roots.
C) the
humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the
synthesis of chlorophyll.
D) the heat released by the
decomposing leaves of the humus caused more rapid growth and
chlorophyll synthesis.
Answer: C
Most of the dry mass of a plant is the result of uptake of
________.
A) water and minerals through root hairs
B) water
and minerals through mycorrhizae
C) carbon dioxide through
stomata in leaves
D) carbon dioxide and oxygen through stomata in leaves
Answer: C
Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the
outside to the inside of a complete flower?
A) petals → sepals →
stamens → carpels
B) sepals → stamens → petals → carpels
C) spores → gametes → zygote → embryo
D) sepals → petals →
stamens → carpels
Answer: D
In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent?
A) ovuleegg
B) embryo sacfemale gametophyte
C)
endospermmale gametophyte
D) seedzygote
Answer: B
Which of the following is a scientific concern related to creating
genetically modified crops?
A) The nutritional quality of plants
is reduced.
B) Genetically modified plants are less stable and
may revert back to parental genotypes.
C) Genetically modified
crops cannot survive without the addition of great amounts of
fertilizer to the soil.
D) The introduction of novel organisms
into the biosphere is unstoppable in nature.
Answer: D
Sperm cells are formed in plants by ________.
A) meiosis in
pollen grains
B) meiosis in anthers
C) mitosis in male
gametophyte
D) mitosis in the micropyle
Answer: C
The egg of a plant has a haploid chromosome number of 12 (n=12). What
is true about the number of chromosomes in the cells of other tissues
of this plant?
A) The leaves and stems have 12
chromosomes.
B) The zygote has 12 chromosomes.
C) The sperm
has 6 chromosomes.
D) The endosperm has 36 chromosomes.
Answer: D
A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many
loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have
numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?
A)
parenchyma
B) xylem
C) endodermis
D) collenchyma
Answer: A
When you eat beets, including sugar from sugar beets, what are you
eating?
A) large axillary buds
B) storage roots
C)
petioles
D) storage leaves
Answer: B
When you eat a celery stalk, what are you eating?
A)
stems
B) roots
C) petioles
D) leaves
Answer: B
When you eat potatoes, what are you eating?
A) large axillary
buds
B) stems
C) roots
D) leaves
Answer: B
CO₂ enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the
A) cuticle.
B) epidermal trichomes.
C) stoma.
D) phloem.
Answer: C
One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy
of leaves is that
A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have
xylem.
B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not.
C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots.
D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves.
Answer: C
Trichomes ________.
A) open and close for gas exchange
B)
increase water loss from leaves
C) absorb sunlight, increasing
the temperature of leaves
D) repel or trap insects
Answer: D
Which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at
functional maturity?
A) tracheids and vessel elements
B)
sieve-tube elements
C) collenchyma cells
D) parenchyma cells
Answer: A
(DIAGRAM) The main function associated with the thin top layer of a
plant leaf is ________.
A) absorption of carbon dioxide
B)
retention of water
C) release of carbon dioxide
D)
collection of light
Answer: B
Plant meristematic cells ________.
A) increase the surface area
of dermal tissue by developing root hairs
B) subdivide into three
distinct cell types named parenchyma, ground meristem, and
procambium
C) are distributed evenly in all tissues throughout
the plant
D) are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells
Answer: D
The following question are based on the drawing of root or stem cross
sections shown in Figure 35.2.
Figure 35.2
A woody eudicot is represented by
A) I only.
B) II
only.
C) III only.
D) IV only.
Answer: D
What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?
A) primary
xylem
B) secondary xylem
C) secondary phloem
D)
mesophyll cells
Answer: B
Which of the following is true of bark?
A) It is composed of
phloem plus periderm.
B) It has no identifiable function in
trees.
C) It is formed by the apical meristems.
D) It forms
annual rings in deciduous trees.
Answer: A
Root hairs are most important to a plant because they
A) anchor
a plant in the soil.
B) store starches.
C) increase the
surface area for absorption.
D) provide a habitat for
nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Answer: C
A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a
fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency?
A)
Mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning.
B) Mycorrhizal fungi were killed.
C) Active transport of
minerals was inhibited.
D) The genes for the synthesis of
transport proteins were destroyed.
Answer: B
What regulates the flow of water through the xylem?
A) active
transport by tracheid and vessel elements
B) the number of
companion cells in the phloem
C) the evaporation of water from
the leaves
D) active transport by sieve-tube members
Answer: C
The ________ is the most efficient rout of water movement in plants,
while the ________ is the most select.
A) apoplast;
symplast
B) symblast; apoplast
C) apoplast;
transmembrane
D) transmembrane; symplast
Answer: C
All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots
except
A) carbon dioxide.
B) nitrogen.
C) potassium.
D) water.
Answer: A
Which of the following would be least likely to affect osmosis in
plants?
A) proton pumps in the membrane
B) a difference in
solute concentrations
C) receptor proteins in the membrane
D) aquaporins
Answer: C
In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which
of the following?
A) It aids in the uptake of nutrients.
B) It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into
the stele from the cortex.
C) It ensures that all minerals are
absorbed from the soil in equal amounts.
D) It ensures that all
water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane
before entering the stele.
Answer: D
Most of the water taken up by a plant is
A) used as a solvent.
B) used as a hydrogen source in photosynthesis.
C) lost
during transpiration.
D) converted to CO₂.
Answer: C
Which of the following is a similarity between xylem and phloem
transport?
A) Bulk flow of water is involved.
B) Many cells
in both tissues have sieve plates.
C) Transpiration is required
for both processes.
D) Expenditure of energy from ATP is required.
Answer: A
Which of the following us not part of the
transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism for the ascent of xylem
sap?
A) hydrophilic walls of tracheids and vessels that help
maintain the column of water against gravity
B) loss of water
from the mesophyll cells, which initiates a pull of water molecules
from neighboring cells
C) active pumping of water into the xylem
of roots
D) transfer or transpirational pull from one water
molecule to the next, owing to cohesion by hydrogen bonds
Answer: C
Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following
parts of a plant?
A) xylem vessels in roots
B) cells of the
root cortex
C) mesophyll cells of the leaf
D) xylem vessels
in leaves
Answer: C
Several tomato plants are growing in a small garden plot. If soil
water potential were to drop significantly on a hot summer afternoon,
which of the following would most likely occur?
A) The uptake of
carbon dioxide would be enhanced.
B) Transpiration would
increase.
C) The leaves would become more turgid.
D) Size of
stomatal openings would decrease.
Answer: D
A group of 10 tomato plants are germinated and maintained in a large
tray with no drainage. After several weeks they all begin to wilt and
die despite repeated watering and fertilization. The most likely cause
of this die-off is
A) a lack of oxygen for the roots
B)
organic nutrient depletion
C) no room left for root
growth
D) competition for resources
Answer: A
Which of the following soil minerals is most likely leached away
during a hard rain?
A) Na+
B) K+
C) Ca++
D) NO₃-
Answer: D
Which of the following would inhibit the growth of most
plants?
A) air spaces
B) abundant humus
C) good
drainage
D) a pH above 10.0
Answer: D
Which of the following contributed to the dust bowl in the American
southwest during the 1930s?
I) overgrazing by cattle.
II)
plowing of native grasses.
III) lack of soil moisture
A) II and III
B) I, II and III
C) III
D) I and II
Answer: B
Which of the following would be the most effective strategy to remove
toxic heavy metals from a soil?
A) heavy irrigation to leach out
the heavy metals
B) application of fertilizers to compete with
heavy metal uptake
C) application of sulfur to lower the soil pH
and precipitate the heavy metals
D) adding plant species that
have the ability to take up and volatilize heavy metals
Answer: D
Which criteria allow biologists to divide chemicals into
macronutrients and micronutrients?
A) the quantities of each
required by plants
B) molecular weight of the element or
compound
C) whether or not they are essential for plant
growth
D) how they are used in metabolism
Answer: A
Why is nitrogen fixation an essential process?
A) Nitrogen
fixation can only be done by certain prokaryotes.
B) Fixed
nitrogen is often the limiting factor in plant growth.
C)
Nitrogen fixation is very expensive in terms of metabolic energy.
D) Nitrogen fixers are sometimes symbiotic with legumes.
Answer: B
You are weeding your garden when you accidentally expose some roots
of your pea plants. You notice swellings (root nodules) on the roots
and there is a reddish tinge to the ones you accidentally damaged.
Most likely your peas plants
A) suffer from a mineral
deficiency.
B) are infected with a parasite.
C) are
benefiting from a mutualistic bacterium.
D) are developing
offshoots from the root.
Answer: C
Which of the following is a primary difference between
ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae?
A) Endomycorrhizae have
thicker, shorter hyphae than ectomycorrhizae.
B)
Endomycorrhizae, but not ectomycorrhizae, form a dense sheath over the
surface of the root.
C) Ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate root
cells, whereas endomycorrhizae grow into invaginations of the root
cell membranes.
D) Ectomycorrhizae are found in woody plant
species; about 85% of plant families form ectomycorrhizae.
Answer: C
What major benefits do plants and mycorrhizal fungi receive from
their symbiotic relationship?
A) Plants receive nitrogen and
phosphorus, and fungi receive photosynthetic products.
B) Plants
receive enzymes, and fungi receive nitrogen and phosphorus.
C)
Fungi receive photosynthetic products in exchange for living in plant
root nodules.
D) Plants receive increased root surface area, and
fungi receive digestive enzymes.
Answer: A
Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small
animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the
plant's supply of
A) energy.
B) carbohydrates.
C)
lipids and steroids.
D) nitrogen and other minerals.
Answer: D
During the alternation of generations in plants, ________.
A)
fertilization produces spores
B) mitosis produces gametes
C)
meiosis produces gametes
D) fertilization produces gametes
Answer: B
Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants
________.
A) helps in dispersal of the zygote
B) allows it
to be nourished by the parent plant
C) evolved concurrently with
pollen
D) protects the zygote from herbivores
Answer: B
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plans. Which of the
following features is unique to them and helps account for their
success?
A) fruit enclosing seeds
B) wind
pollination
C) sperm cells without flagella
D) dominant gametophytes
Answer: A
Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the
outside to the inside of a complete flower?
A) petals → sepals →
stamens → carpels
B) sepals → stamens → petals → carpels
C) spores → gametes → zygote → embryo
D) sepals → petals →
stamens → carpels
Answer: D
Which of the following statements regarding flowering plants is
correct?
A) The gametophyte is the dominant generation.
B)
Female gametophytes develop from megaspores within the anthers.
C) Pollination is the delivery of pollen to the stigma of a
carpel.
D) The food-storing endosperm is derived from the cell
that contains two polar nuclei and one sperm nucleus.
Answer: C
Double fertilization means that ________.
A) flowers must be
pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds.
B) every egg must
receive two sperm to produce an embryo.
C) one sperm is needed
to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the
polar nuclei.
D) the egg of the embryo sac is diploid.
Answer: C
What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?
A) The endosperm develops into a diploid nutrient tissue.
B) A triploid zygote is formed.
C) Both a diploid embryo
and triploid endosperm are formed.
D) Two embryos develop in
every seed.
Answer: C
Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?
A)
ovary
B) ovule
C) carpel
D) stamen
Answer: B
Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a
fleshy fruit?
A) ovule
B) stigma
C) style
D) ovary
Answer: D
The vast number and variety of flower species is probably related to
various kinds of ________.
A) seed dispersal agents
B)
climatic conditions
C) herbivores
D) pollinators
Answer: D
Unripe fruits protect seeds from predation and early germination.
What is the major function of ripe fruits?
A) releasing nutrients
to seeds
B) attracting pollinators
C) dispersing
seed
D) keeping the seed hydrated before germination
Answer: C
Which of the following could be considered an evolutionary advantage
of asexual reproduction in plants?
A) increased success of
progeny in a stable environment.
B) increased agricultural
productivity in a rapidly changing environment.
C) maintenance
and expansion of a large genome.
D) production of numerous progeny.
Answer: A
Which of the following is a scientific concern related to creating
genetically modified crops?
A) Herbicide resistance may spread
to weedy species.
B) Genetically modified crops cannot survive
without the addition fo great amounts of fertilizer to the soil.
C) Genetically modified plants are less stable and may revert
back to parental genotypes.
D) The monetary costs of growing
genetically modified plants are significantly greater than traditional
breeding techniques.
Answer: A
The detector of light during de-etiolation (greening) of a tomato
plant is (are)
A) carotenoids.
B) xanthophylls.
C)
phytochrome.
D) auxin
Answer: C
Which of these activities is part of the development of crop plants
from wild relatives?
I) people planting seeds of the plants with
the characteristic wanted
II) people making observations of
desired plant characteristics
III) people eating products from
only the plants with desired characteristics
IV) people
developing several varieties of crops from a wild relative
A) I, II, and IV
B) I, III, and IV
C) I and IV
D) I
and II
Answer: A
Genetically engineered plants ________.
A) include transgenic
maize (corn) plants that can produce their own pesticides
B) are
used in research but not yet in commercial agricultural
production
C) are more difficult to develop than genetically
engineered animals
D) are banned throughout the world
Answer: A
External stimuli would be received most quickly by a plant cell if
the receptors for signal transduction were located in the
A)
cell membrane.
B) cytoplasmic matrix.
C) endoplasmic
reticulum.
D) nuclear membrane.
Answer: A
Plant hormonal regulation differs from animal hormonal regulation in
that ________.
A) there are no dedicated hormone-producing
organs in plants as there are in animals.
B) all production of
hormones is local in plants with little long-distance transport.
C) plants do not exhibit feedback mechanisms like
animals.
D) only animal hormone concentrations are
developmentally regulated.
Answer: A
Which of the following plant growth responses is primarily due to the
action of auxins?
A) leaf abscission
B)
phototropism
C) cell division
D) the detection of photoperiod
Answer: B