Tests both upper and lower motor pathways. The sole of the foot is stimulated with a dull instrument.

Plantar

Checks the integrity of the spinal cord and dorsal rami at the level of T8 to T12.

Abdominal

Produces a rapid withdrawal of the body part from a painful stimulus; ipsilateral.

Flexor

Prevents muscle overstretching and maintains muscle tone.

Stretch

Helps to regulate blood pressure and digestion.

vagus

• Receptors located in epithelium of the nasal cavity.
• Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following?
• A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve?

olfactory

• Intermediate relay for incoming and outgoing neurons.
• Includes cortical and brain stem motor areas

Projection level

• Controls the outputs of the cortex and regulates motor activity.
• The cerebellum and basal nuclei.

Precommand level

Transduction refers to conversion of ______.

stimulus information to nerve impulses

• Central pattern generators.
• The neural machinery of the spinal cord, including spinal cord circuits.

Segmental level

The peripheral nervous system includes ____.

sensory receptors

Which nerve does not use the jugular foramen as a route of exit from the skull?

trigeminal

_______ is the tingling sensation or numbness when blood has been cut off from an area, as when the foot ʺgoes to sleep.ʺ

Answer: Ischemia

1. Turns the eyeball laterally.
2. The abducens nerve ________.

1. Abducens
2. supplies innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

• Serves the senses of hearing and equilibrium
• Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?

vestibulocochlear

Pain, temperature, and coarse touch are involved in the ________ ascending pathways of the somatosensory system.

Answer: nonspecific

Complex motor behavior such as walking depends on ________ patterns.

Answer: fixed-action

The obturator and femoral nerves branch from this plexus.

Lumbar plexus

_______ are modified free-nerve endings found in the deeper levels of the epidermis.

Merkel discs

the perineurium defines the boundary of a ________.

Answer: fascicle

The ________ nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves.

Answer: trigeminal

Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following except _____.

Pacinian corpuscles

^{The facial nerve is cranial nerve number}

^{A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and Symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, the corner of his mouth roops. Which cranial nerve has been damage?}

VII

FACIAL

Ventral spinal cord roots contain ________ fibers, while the dorsal roots contain ________ fibers.

motor (efferent); sensory (afferent)

A simple spinal reflex goes along which of the following reflex arcs?

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

select the correct definition.

A) Magnitude estimation is the simplest level of sensation.

B) Perceptual detection is the ability to detect how much stimulus is applied to the body.

C ) Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face.

D) Spatial discrimination allows us to recognize textures.

Babinskiʹs sign is ________.

when the great toe dorsiflexes and the other toes fan laterally

The projection level of the brain does not include the ________.

basal nuclei

______ law states that any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself and the skin over the joint.

Answer: Hiltonʹs

select the statement that is most correct.

^{A) Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord that are associated with efferent fibers.}

^{B) Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons.}

^{C) The dorsal root ganglion is a motor-only structure.}

^{D) The cell bodies of afferent ganglia are located in the spinal cord.}

________ is a protective reflex that also overrides the spinal pathways and prevents any other reflexes from using them at the same time.

Answer: Flexor reflex

The circuit level of the somatosensory system delivers impulses to the appropriate level of the ________.

cerebral cortex

Which of the following nerves does notarise from the brachial plexus?

phrenic

Bellʹs palsy ________.

is characterized by paralysis of facial muscles

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the _______.

The thickest and longest nerve of the body is found in the ________.

A fall or improper administration of an injection to the buttocks may injure a nerve of this plexus.

sacral plexus

Which of the following is at the lowest level of the CNS?

Central Pattern Generators (CPGs)

A fall or an improperly delivered gluteal

injection could result in ________.

sciatica

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?

a complete loss of voluntary movement

The posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the ________ nerve.

tibial

• Striking the ʺfunny boneʺ (ulnar nerve) may cause injury to a nerve of this plexus.
• Trauma to a nerve of this plexus may cause wrist drop.

Brachial plexus

Which of the following is not a nerve plexus?

thoracic

• The phrenic nerve branches from this plexus
• Irritation of a major nerve of this plexus may cause hiccups.

cervical plexus

A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ___.

FEMORAL

1. The flexor muscles in the anterior arm (biceps brachii and brachialis) are innervated by what nerve?

1. The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus.

1. musculocutaneous

1. Answer: TRUE

The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers.

Answer: TRUE

The only cranial nerves to extend beyond the head and neck region are the vagus nerves.

Answer: TRUE

Dermatomes are skin segments that relate to sensory innervation regions of the spinal nerves

Answer: TRUE

Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers. Answer: TRUE

Answer: TRUE

Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups.

Answer: TRUE

External strabismus and ptosis could be caused by damage to the oculomotor nerve.

Answer: TRUE

In order to regulate motor activity, to start and stop movements, and to coordinate postural movements, the cerebellum and basal nuclei are involved.

Answer: TRUE

The meningeal branch of a spinal nerve actually reenters the vertebral canal to innervate the meninges and blood vessels.

Answer: TRUE

Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ________.

exteroceptors

The ________ nerve is not a branch of the trigeminal nerve.

cervical

The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all except the ________.

trochlear

• The cranial nerve with a dual origin (brain and spinal cord) is the ________.
• Formed by the union of a cranial and a spinal root.

Accessory

In the somatosensory system there are no third-order neurons in the cerebellum.

Answer: TRUE

Select the statement about plexuses that is most correct ________.

A) The dorsal rami of all spinal nerves unite to form complex networks

B) Only ventral rami form plexuses

C) Each branch of the plexus contains fibers from a single spinal nerve

D) The ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves unite to form the thoracic plexus

• Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by _____.
• Which receptors adapt most slowly?

nociceptors

Meissnerʹs corpuscles ________.

are mechanoreceptors

The trochlear nerve conveys proprioceptor impulses from the ________ to the brain.

superior rectus muscle

Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.

afferent nerves

After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________.

Schwann cells

Regeneration within the CNS ________.

is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes.

Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order):

roots, trunks, divisions, and cords

In a crossed extensor reflex, if the right arm were grabbed it would flex and the left arm would ________.

extend

A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a _______.

Golgi tendon reflex

Which of the following numbers of pairs of spinal nerves is correct?

twelve thoracic

Striking the ʺfunny boneʺ is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the ________.

ulnar nerve

Which of the following is not true about the integration center of a reflex arc?

There are always multiple synapses with chains of interneurons.

Inborn or intristic reflexes ________.

are involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior

The three primary levels of neural integration in a somatosensory system include all of the following except the ________.

A) effector level B) receptor level

C) circuit level D) perceptual level

The patellar ʺknee jerkʺ reflex is an example of a(n) ________.

stretch reflex

All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level must synapse in the ________.

thalamus

The sciatic nerve is a combination of which two nerves?

common fibular and tibial