THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
A major relay station for sensory information ascending to primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Contains many specialized nuclei .
Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________.
Thalamus
This brain area associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, and conscience.
Prefrontal area
The axons from this area form the major pyramidal tracts.
Primary motor cortex
REM
Typified by sleep spindles.
Stage 2
Very easy to awaken; EEG shows alpha waves; may even deny being asleep.
Stage 1
The stage when vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature) reach their lowest normal levels
Stage 4
The nonspecific ascending pathways
are involved in the emotional aspects of perception
Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the .
The ________ is a conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers and houses nuclei for cranial nerves V-VII.
pons
The arbor vitae refers to
cerebellar white matter
The brain stem consists of the ________.
midbrain, medulla, and pons
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.
temporal lobe
Spinocerebellar tracts
carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum
The spinal cord has gray matter on the ________.
inside, white matter on the outside, and a ventral motor root
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
arachnoid and pia
Which statement is not true?
A) Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.
B) Half of infant sleep is composed of REM sleep.
C) Ten-year-olds are in REM sleep about 1.5-2 hours per night.
D) Sleep requirements decline from infancy to early adulthood, level off, then decline again in old age.
Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate?
A) Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor..
B) During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked.
C) Petit mal epilepsy typically begins in adolescence and is often severely disabling.
D) The aura in grand mal epilepsy typically occurs as the patient regains consciousness.
White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations, with the exception of the ________.
cerebral cortex
Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.
premotor cortex
________ waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children.
Theta
The fourth ventricle is continuous with the ________ of the spinal cord.
central canal
The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the _____.
corpus callosum
The ________ are valvelike and protrude externally through the dura mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood.
arachnoid villi
The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
diencephalon
The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the ________.
pituitary gland
Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the ________ horn.
dorsal
The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are damaged the past is lost.
amygdala
memory requires practice, and is remembered by doing.
Procedural (Skill)
______ rhythm is a 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness.
Circadian
The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.
pyramids
_____ is a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep found most commonly in the elderly.
Sleep apnea
medulla
Which of the following is/are involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?
red nuclei
Declarative memory
is the ability to learn specific information
NREM sleep episodes are frequently associated with erection of the penis.
Answer: FALSE
Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain.
Answer: TRUE
Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.
Answer: FALSE
The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.
Answer: TRUE
Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.
Answer: FALSE
Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other.
Answer: TRUE
Commissural fibers form the corpus striatum.
Answer: FALSE
Sensory areas of the cortex for the genitals are located deep in the postcentral gyrus.
Answer: TRUE
The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.
Answer: TRUE
Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned.
Answer: FALSE
The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro.
Answer: FALSE
One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.
Answer: TRUE
The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.
Answer:FALSE
A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.
Answer: TRUE
Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons.
Answer: FALSE
The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate.
Answer: TRUE
Theta waves are a brain wave pattern that can be seen during deep sleep and during anesthesia.
Answer: FALSE
The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant.
Answer: TRUE
A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep.
Answer: FALSE
The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing.
Answer: TRUE
NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate.
Answer: TRUE
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.
Answer: TRUE
The spinal cord ends between L1 and L2.
Answer: TRUE
Petit mal seizures found in children generally go away with age.
Answer: TRUE
Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
Answer: TRUE
The fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres is the ________.
longitudinal fissure
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________.
SULCUS
The cerebrospinal fluid .
is formed mostly by the choroid plexuses and modified by ependymal cells
If the posterior portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly ________.
the spinal cord may be affected
The central sulcus separates which lobes?
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.
Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be _____.
lateral spinothalamic
Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?
fiber tracts
The hypothalamus ________.
is the thermostat of the body since it regulates temperature
A lateral tract in the spinal cord would be ______.
rubrospinal
An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.
paraplegia
The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.
myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.
upper motor neurons
Brodmannʹs numbering refers to ________.
structurally distinct cortical areas
Brocaʹs area ________.
is considered a motor speech area
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.
gyri
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.
visual association area
Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ______.
pyramidal and corticospinal
The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.
metabolic waste such as urea
The function of commissures is to connect ________.
corresponding areas of the two hemispheres
Which of the following is not part of the basal nuclei?
substantia nigra
All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________.
caudate nucleus
Which of the following is not a midbrain structure?
third ventricle
An electroencephalogram ________.
indicates a normal frequency range of 1-30 Hz
The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.
consolidation
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the _____.
reticular formation
Which of the following would you notfind in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
red blood cells
REM sleep is associated with ________.
temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for the extrinsic eye muscles
Mr. Hom was injured in an accident that completely severed his spinal cord at the level of T12- You would expect to find all of the following except ________.
slurred speech
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________.
loss of proprioception
White matter of the spinal cord ________.
contains the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
Which statement about aging is most accurate?
Despite some neuronal loss, changing synaptic connections support additional learning throughout life.
Which association regarding the function and location of the cerebrum is most accurate?
motor-anterior
Brain wave amplitude ________.
reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously
Declarative memory is not stored in the ________.
mammillary body
Huntingtonʹs disease ________.
has symptoms that are the opposite of Parkinsonʹs disease
The corpus striatum plays a special role in ________.
skill learning
Storing information in long-term memory ________.
is facilitated by the release of norepinephrine
Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ______.
vestibular nuclei
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the _______.
visceral sensory area
Which statement about coma is true?
Coma is defined as total unresponsiveness to stimuli for a long period of time.
Which is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?
concussion