Which of the following nutrients are required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells?

Folate and vitamin B12

Which of the following statements reflects current knowledge of food choices in pregnancy?

Craving and aversions to certain foods are probably the result of altered taste and smell sensitivies induced by hormones

Which of the following statements describes a relationship between alcohol intake and fetal development?

Birth defects are most severe when the woman drinks around the time of conception

Jane is visiting with her doctor during her 2nd trimester of pregnancy and has just revealed her strange cravings. The doctor declared that Jane is experiencing pica, which is causing her intense craving for

dirt.

A feature of heavy caffeine use in human pregnancy is that it may

increase the risk of infant death

Which of the following is a feature of the WIC program?

It saves an estimated $3 in medical costs in the first two months after birth for every dollar spent

Among the following, which is not known to represent a significant risk factor for a pregnancy being affected by a neural tube defect?

Age at time of pregnancy

Penny is a new mom and, on the advice of her doctor, has been eating an extra whole wheat bagel with strawberry jelly every night in addition to her nutrient-dense diet. Why did Penny receive this advice?

These bagels provide the extra carbohydrates and fiber lactating mothers need for lactose production

Which of the following nutrients taken as a prental suppplement has been found to be associated with lower incidence of neural tube defects?

Folate

Tobacco use in pregnancy increases the risk for all the following EXCEPT

macrosomia

Which of the following may be effective at reducing the risk for preeclampsia?

Exercise

What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman?

Preeclampsia

Risks from malnutrition in women or men before conception include all of the following except

it usually results in macrosomia.

Which of the following is a characteristic of body weight changes associated with pregnancy?

Most women are unable to lose all of the weight that was gained during pregnancy

To maintain physical fitness during pregnancy, all of the following activities are considered acceptable EXCEPT

saunas.

Which of the following has a favorable influence on fertility?

Choosing diets providing protein from vegetables sources

Relationships between the use of tobacco products and complications of pregnancy include all of the following except

taking zinc supplements prevents the development of pregnancy induced hypertension in smokers.

What is the benefit of postpartum amenorrhea?

It conserves iron in the mother

What connects the umbilical cord to the fetus?

Belly button

Which of the following statements characterizes energy needs during pregnancy?

Carbohydrates should supply a minimum of 135 g and ideally 175g

Which of the following describes the finding from studies of lactating women who exercised intensely compared with sedentary lactating women?

Their milk contained more lactate, which altered the milk's taste

What is the name given to the human organism two to eight weeks after fertilization and the stage at which the digestive system is formed?

Embryo

What is the gestational diabetes?

Abnormal blood glucose maintencance during pregnancy.

In the United States, what is the minimum daily amount of protein that should be consumed by a 135-pound woman during pregnancy?

74g

What is the recommended range of weight gain, in lbs, during pregnancy for an underweight woman?

28-40

What is the percentage increase in the folate RDA during pregnancy?

50

You work with a primary care physician to help newly pregnant women plan their diets. What vital information is needed to formulate a plan of weight gain?

Weight and height

Studies report that folate supplements for women may lower the incidence of neural tube defects of infants when the vitamin is taken during the

month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy.

In obese pregnant women, the irsk for neural tube defects in the infant is believed to result from

poor glycemic control.

In what period of pregnancy would most damage from alcohol consumption occur?

First trimester

What is the recommended increase in daily energy intake, in kcal, for the third trimester of pregnancy?

450

At what stage of pregnancy does an embryo show a beating heart and a complete central nervous system?

8 weeks

The process by which maternal nutrient intake affects the child's development of diseases later in life is known as

fetal programming.

All of the following are normal body responses to pregnancy except

body water level decreases.

All of the following are features of gestational diabetes except

infant birthweights are typically low

The number of extra kcalories per day needed to produce a normal supply of milk during the first six months of lactation is approximately

500

Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol intake and lactation?

Alcohol easily enters breast milk

All of the following are features of nonfood craving during pregnancy except

they are known to lead to premature delivery and to low-birth-weight infants.

What term is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins?

Criticals period

A newly fertilized egg is known as a(n)

zygote.