In cold conditions, how does blood flow change to restrict heat loss?

Heat transfer from warm blood in arteries warms cooler venous blood

What is the electron transport system's role in the generation of ATP?

It creates a steep concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Why are effects of diet more profound and immediate in infants compared with adults?

Infants' energy sources and mineral reserves are smaller

Which of the following is not one of the processes essential to stabilizing body fluid volumes, solute concentration, or pH of the ECF?

Hormone balance

Which vitamins is your body capable of synthesizing?

Vitamins D and K

If the osmotic concentration of ECF increases, which of the following happens?

Water moves from cells into ECF

What effect would being in the desert without water for a day have on plasma osmotic concentration?

Increase of osmotic concentration

What effect does drinking a pitcher of distilled water have on ADH secretion?

Secretion of ADH decreases

Mr. Proctor has high blood pressure. As his physician, why do you counsel him to limit his intake of sodium?

Sodium causes an increase in blood volume and blood pressure, and decreased ADH secretion

Which is more dangerous, disturbance of sodium balance or disturbances of potassium balance?

Disturbances of potassium balance

What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia?

hyperparathyriodism

Why do homeostatic mechanisms that adjust composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ECF, rather than ICF?

A change in one ECF component rapidly affects all body cells

Which hormone affecting fluid and electrolyte balance is responsible for determining the rate of Na+ absorption and K+ loss along the DCT?

Aldosterone

Which of the following is true concerning metabolic generation of water?

Breaking down 1g of lipid generates more water than breaking down 1g of carbohydrate

Which of the following characteristics distinguished a strong acid from a weak acid?

Strong acids dissociate completely in solution

Which of the following is not one of the three major buffer systems?

Potassium buffer system

What is the effect of acidosis on the circulatory system?

Peripheral vasodilation and drop in BP

Mrs. Adams has diabetes mellitus, but rarely eats her "diabetic friendly" meals. What condition may result from her poor eating behavior?

Ketoacidosis

Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis while diarrhea produces metabolic acidosis?

diarrhea causes loss of HCO3- in the ECF/vomiting causes increase of HCO3- in the ECF

What change in an elderly person's body contributes to poor acid-base balance?

Reduction in GFR and reduction in number of functional nephrons

What factor contributes to the relatively higher water content of adult males compared to adult females?

Males have higher average muscle mass

Why does the amount of urea in blood increase during the post-absorptive state?

protein digestion creates urea

in which region(s) of the digestive tract does mechanical processing occur?

all of the above

Which disorder increase the rate at which fluids move into the peritoneal cavity? What condition results from the excess fluids in the peritoneal cavity?

Liver disease/ascites

What is the importance of the mesenteries?

All of the above are correct

The four major layers of the GI tract are ____.

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Where are the motor neurons that control smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretions of the GI tract located?

In the myenteric plexus

What process in the liver increases after you have eaten a high-carbohydrate meal?

glycogenesis

Wayne's cardiac muscle cells have been releasing ANP in response to overstretching of his heart walls. What is the effect of the release of ANP?

ANP blocks the release of ADH and aldosterone

What consequence(s) is/are the result of a dietary deficiency of one or more essential amino acids?

A and C are correct

If a cell accumulates more acetyl-CoA than it can metabolize by way of the TCA cycle, which of the following products will form?

Ketone bodies

Why does prolonged sweating increase plasma sodium ion levels?

Sweating causes a greater loss of water than sodium

Which type of epithelium lines the oral cavity? Why?

Stratified squamous epithelium/area id subject to abrasion

Why are proteins an impractical source of quick energy, a "last ditch" source of energy?

All of the above

The parotid glands secrete ____, which contain large amounts of ___.

Serous secretions/salivary amylase

Your molars are most useful for ___.

crushing and grinding a tough pizza crust

Where in the human body is the fauces?

between the oral cavity and the pharynx

How do the roles of pepsinogen and HCl interact in the stomach?

HCl is necessary for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin

When a person suffers from chronic gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerve serving the stomach are sometimes surgically severed. Why?

the vagus nerve stimulated gastric secretions

Which of the following is/are true of the hemoglobin buffer system?

A and B are correct

What effect does a decrease in the pH of body fluids have on respiratory rate?

Respiratory rate increases

During an asthma attack, Kristen's bronchioles constrict, reducing pulmonary exchange. Which of the following scenarios will result?

Increased breathing rate, decreased plasma pH and hypercapnia

How does a prolonged fast affect the body's pH?

pH decreased after a fast

What is the primary source of flatus emitted from the intestines?

Indigestible carbohydrates acted on by bacteria

Why is oxidative phosphorylation the most important mechanism for generating ATP?

it produces more than 90% of ATP used by the body cells

NADH produced by glycolysis in skeletal muscle fibers leads to production of two ATP molecules in mitochondria, but NADH produced by glycolysis in cardiac muscle cells leads to production of three ATP molecules. Why?

Different intermediaries

How does a decrease in the level of cytoplasmic NAD affect ATP production in mitochondria?

ATP production decreases

What is the process of gluconeogenesis?

the formation of glucose from precursors such as lactic acid

Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered beneficial?

they reduce fat and cholesterol in the bloodstream

Which structures comprise a heptic triad?

Branches of the heptic portal vein and heptic artery, and a branch of the bile duct

How do most chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system?

through lacteals

How does taking fat-soluble vitamins on an empty stomach affect the absorption of those vitamins?

The vitamins are not absorbed, because they require presence of other lipids

Why is diarrhea potentially life threatening, but constipation is not?

diarrhea causes rapid water and electrolyte loss

Why do athletes in training try to maintain a positive nitrogen balance?

The actively synthesize N compounds, so must absorb more than they secrete

Which age-related changes in the digestive system are the results of decreased smooth muscle tone?

A and C are correct

Examples of catabolism include all of the following except ___.

Synthesis of new organic molecules

how do the regional specializations of the small intestine change along its length?

All of the above are correct

What effect(s) does the secretion of CCK have on a fatty meal's entrance to the duodenum?

inhibits secretion of gastric acids and enzymes, slowing gastric emptying

What effect does secretion of secretin by enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum have on the pancreas?

It stimulates production of pancreatic buffers that protect the duodenum

Why is lipid digestion more impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas than is carbohydrate or protein digestion?

All of the above

What is the primary role of the TCA cycle in the production of ATP?

transfer electrons from substrates to coenzymes

What characteristic of lipoproteins allows them to be made water-soluble?

they have superficial coating of phospholipids and proteins

Why are LDLs considered "bad cholesterol"?

B and C are correct

What happens during the process of trasamination?

A keto acid is converted into an amino acid that can leave the mitochondria

Why does a diet that is deficient in pyidoxine (vitamin B6) affect protein metabolism?

The first step in amino acid catabolism requires a coenzyme derivative of B6

Why does hypervitaminosis more commonly involve fat-soluble vitamins?

Excess fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body lipids

What is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus?

it contains skeletal muscle along the superior one-third of its length

Which of the following are the primary ions present in ECF?

Na+, Cl-, HCO3-

how does a decrease in the amount of bile salts in the bile affect the amount of vitamin A in the body?

It would decrease vitamin A

Why is the catabolism of dietary carbohydrates and proteins considered "not as productive" as catabolism of lipids?

Lipids release almost twice the energy of proteins or carbohydrates