cephalization

development of the head

rostral

anterior

Neural plate forms from this during embryonic development

ectoderm

The neural plate invaginates to form a ________ and __________.

neural groove; neural folds

Neural groove fuses dorsally to form this.

Neural tube.

This gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.

Neural tube.

The anterior end of the neural tube gives rise to how many primary brain vesicles?

3

Name the three primary brain vesicles that the anterior end of the neural tube gives rise to.

prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon

forebrain

prosencephalon

midbrain

mesencephalon

hindbrain

rhombencephalon

posterior

caudal

These two secondary vesicles rise from the prosencephalon (forebrain)

telencephalon and diencephalon

These two secondary vesicles rise form the Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

metencephalon and myelencephalon

The telencephalon gives rise to two hemistpheres with the cortex, white matter and basal nuclei.

cerebrum

The diencephalon gives rise to these four organs during embryonic development.

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and retina

The mesencephalon becomes what?

Brain stem (midbrain)

The metencephalon becomes what during embryonic development?

brain stem (pons) and cerebellum

Location of the somatosensory association cortex

posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex

4 adult brain regions

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem (midbrain, pons and medulla), and cerebellum

brain stem components

midbrain, pons and medulla

spinal cord

central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core; external white matter is composed of myelinated fiber tracts

is the cerebral cortex thick or thin?

thin

Comprises 40% of the brain

cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex

site of conscious mind; awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding

T or F? Each hemisphere connects to the contralateral (opposite) side of the body.

T

3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex

motor, sensory, and association

Function of the motor area of the cerebral cortex

controls voluntary movements

Function of the sensory area of the cerebral cortex

conscious awareness of sensation

Function of the association area of the cerebral cortex

integrates diverse information

Conscious behavior involves which part of the cerebral cortex?

All 3.

4 motor areas

Primary (somatic) motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca's area, Frontal eye field

Primary Motor Cortex

long axons called pyramidal corticospinal tracts

Function of primary motor cortex

allows conscious control of precise, skilled and voluntary movements

motor homunculi

upside down caricatures representing the motor innervation of body regions

Location of the primary motor cortex

large pyramidal cells of the precentral gyri

Location of the premotor cortex

anterior to the precentral gyrus

Function of the premotor cortex

controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills

Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions and plans movements that depend on sensory feedback (like opening a jar top)

premotor cortex

Why are the face and hands most often affected by a stroke?

The control areas for face and hands take up the most space in the brain.

Location of Broca's area

anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area, usually only present in the left hemisphere

Function of the Broca's area

directs muscles of the tongue for speaking

Location of frontal eye field

anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to Broca's area

Function of the Frontal eye Field

controls voluntary eye movements

8 sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

1) primary somatosensory cortex, 2) somatosensory association cortex, 3) visual areas, 4) auditory areas, 5) olfactory cortex, 6) gustatory cortex, 7) visceral sensory area, 8) vestibular cortex

The sensory area located in the postcentral gyri

primary somatosensory cortex

Primary somatosensory cortex

receives sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints; capable of spatial discrimination; identification of body region being stimulated

Function of the somatosensory association cortex

integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex; determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt

Primary visual striate cortex

found in the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe

The primary visual (striate) cortex is buried where?

In the calcarine sulcus

Function of the primary visual (striate) cortex

receives visual information from the retinas

Location of the visual association area

surrounds the primary visual cortex

Function of the Visual Association Area

Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form and movement)

The Visual Association Area involves what part of the hemispheres?

The entire posterior halves of the hemispheres.

The auditory areas

Primary auditory cortex and Auditory association area

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

superior margin of the temporal lobes

Function of the primary auditory cortex

interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location

Where is the Auditory Association Area located?

posterior to the primary auditory cortex

Function of the auditory association area.

Stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds.

Where is the sensory area of the olfactory cortex located?

medial aspect of the temporal lobes (in piriform lobes)

This is part of the primitive rhinencephalon, along with the olfactory bulbs and tracts.

olfactory cortex

Function of the olfactory cortex

conscious awareness of odors

Where is the sensory area of the gustatory cortex located?

insula

Function of the gustatory cortex.

perception of taste

Where is the visceral sensory area located?

posterior to the gustatory cortex

Function of the visceral sensory area.

conscious perception of visceral sensations (upset stomach or full bladder)

Where is the vestibular cortex located?

posterior part of the insula and adjacent parietal cortex

Function of the vestibular cortex.

responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of the head in space)

Multimodal Association Areas

Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas and sens outputs to multiple areas, including the premotor cortex

Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take

Multimodal Association Areas

Name the three Multimodal Association Areas

Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex), Posterior association area, Limbic association area