What is a chain of more than 50 amino acids?

Protein

What is HCO3?

Bicarbonate Ion

Sucrose is a ____________________

Disaccharide

Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?

High Heat of Vaporation

Salts are always _____________

Ionic compounds

Stress protiens are a type of protein called ______________________

Chaperons

What is not a uses for the ATP molecule?

Pigment structure

What is the major positive ion outside cells?

Sodium

The basic structural material of the body consists of __________

Proteins

What protien type is vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances?

Molecular Chaparones

A single most abundent protein in the body is

Collagen

What would be regarded as an organic molecule?

CH4

What element is necessary fro proper conduction of nervous impulses?

Na

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are:

Carbon

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with _____________________

The release of energy

Fibrosis tissue repair involves the formation of ________________

Scar Tissue

A gene can best be defined as

The blueprint for protein structure

What is the correct base pairing rules for DNA?

Adenine bonds to Thymine

Guanine bonds to Cytosine

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria

What is NOT classified as a connective tissue?

Skeletal muscle

A red blood cell placed in an isotonic solution would ______________

Swell and burst

Describe the plasma membrane:

A phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

The two types of endocytosis is

Phagocystosis and pinocytosis

The movement of fluid through the cell membrane from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area is called _________________

Diffusion

A cancer drug interferes with the development of mitotic spindle fibers during cell division. Which phase is directly affected?

Prophase

The 3 major components of the cytoplasm are the

Cytosol

Organells

Inclusions

The function of the centrioles include:

Organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

What type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses?

Nervous tissue

The correct order of the phases of mitosis are:

Profase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

The main component of cytosol is ________________

Water

Cell that swims and is propelled by a long tail

Flagella

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________________

Enhancement of labor contractions

____________________ cavities are spaces within joints

Synovial

______________mechanisims work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body

Negative feedback

The dorsal cavity is the site of the ____________

Brain

_____________________is considered the cause of most diseases

Homeostatic imbalance

An oblique cut is one that is cut ______________________

Diagonally between vertical and horizontal planes

The body system in order to simplest to the most complex

Atoms

Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

What term means toward or at the back of the body, behind?

Dorsal

What is a vertical section through the body dividing it into anterial and posterior regions called?

Frontal

Cranial cavity

Brain

The heart lies in the ___________________cavity

pericardial

A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions of the body is an ____________

Organ

The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60-70% of body weight is ___________________

Water

What is a vertical section through the body dividing it into left and right

Sagittal

Histology is best defined as the study of __________

Tissues

The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the _____________ cavity

Dorsal

What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?

To maintain homeostasis

The skeletal system is composed of

Bones

Joints

Cartilage

Ligaments

How many bones are in the body

206

What is the main function of the skeletal system?

Supports body weight

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Supports body weight

Supports and protects soft organs

With muscles, enables body movement

Stores important minerals

Contains bone marrow

What does bone marrow in the skeletal system do?

Produces blood cells

What important minerals does the skeletal system store?

calcium and phosphorus

What organ stimulates red blood cell production?

Kidneys

Name the two types of Ossification

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

Replacement of thin connective tissue membrane with bone

Located in flat bones

Intramembranous ossification

Replacement of fetal cartilage skeleton with bone

Located in long, irregular and short bones

Endochondral ossification

What occurs at the epipyseal disk?

Oseoblasts invade cartilage in disc and they mature inot osteocytes (bone)

What can affect bone growth?

Growth horomones

Estrogen

Testosterone

What is the sculptor of hollow bones called

Osteoclasts

What is the builder of deposits bone on outer surface of the bones

Osteoblasts

What is Osteoclastic activity called

Resorption

What is the name of the joint also known as the suture line in the skull called _____________ and it is _______________?

Synarthroses

immovable

Slightly movable joint

Amphiarthorses

Freely movable joint

Diarthroses

Types of Joints

Synarthroses

Amphiathroses

Diathroses

Name the bones of the foot

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

What does the arch of the foot form?

The Instep

Structure of freely movable joints

Articular cartilage

Joint capsule

Synovial membrane

Synovial fluid

Cartilage

Some joints also have - Bursae and Ligments

Types of freely movable joints

Hinge - Elbows, knees

Ball-and-socket - shoulders, hips

Pivot - Atlas-axis joint

Saddle - Carpometacarpal

Gliding - Wrist

Condyloid - knuckles

Joint names that articulate bones

Tibiofemoral - tibia and femur

Humeroulnar - Humerus and ulna

Metacarpophalangeal - Metacarpal bone and phalange

Glenohumeral - Glenoid cavity and humerus

Opening, usually a passage for nerves, blood vessels and ligaments

Foramen

What is the bone marking groove called

Fossa

Tunnel or tubelike passageway

Meatus

Cavity or hollow space

Sinus

Types of fractures

Simple - break in two

Compound - break in two and breaks the skin

Greenstick - Half break (sway)

Paranasal Sinuses

Frontal

Ethmoidal

Sphenoidal

Maxillary

Skull bone held together by sutures and offer little movement

Cranial

Only moveable bone

Mandible

What is a frontanel?

Soft spot not yet converted to bone and is covered with fibrous tissue and allow for cranial growth

Vertebral Column Sections are:

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacrum and coccyx

Vertebral Column Curves

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

What bone helps you nod yes

Atlas (C1)

What bone helps you nod no

Axis (C2)

What disorder of the vertebral column that causes a lateral curve?

Scoliosis

What disorder of the vertebral column that causes a hunchback

Kyphosis

What disorder of the vertebral column that causes a swayback

Lordosis

Name the parts of the sternum

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid process

How many ribs do we have

12 pairs

How many ribs are true ribs?

seven

How many false ribs do we have?

5 pairs

How many of the false ribs are floating ribs?

2 pairs

Parts of the Coxal bones?

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Function of the coxal bones in the pelvic girdle

Weight bearing

attachment for lower limbs

protection of organs

Bones in the pectoral girdle

Scapulae Clavicles

Bones in the upper limb

Humerus

radius (thumb side) - ulna (pinky side)

Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

U-shaped bone located in the neck region which is suspended in musculature and does not articulate with any other bone. It supports the tongue through muscle attachment to the styloid process on the temporal bone and the upper vertebra

Hyoid bone

The false ribs only connect to the _______________

Sternum via cartilage

Floating ribs only connect to the ___________

vertebrae

Attach bone to bone

Ligaments

Attach bone to muscle

Tendons

Vetebral Cavity

Spinal cord

Located in the skull

Brain

Located in the thorasic cavity

Heart and Lungs

remember to look at your notes because I might not have everything on here!

Good Luck!!!

Only two fused bones in the body

Maxillary

If bones don't fuse what is the body lacking?

Folic Acid

Shaft of the long bone

Diaphysis

Located at the ends of long bones

Epiphysis

Line in spongy area where bones grow from

Epiphyseal disk

Endosteum

A layer of cells lining the inner surface of bone in the central medullary cavity

A movement generally in the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and reduces the distance between the two bones (bending forward at the hip)

Flexion

A movement that increases the angle of a joint and the distance between two bones or parts of the body (straightening the knee of elbow)

Extension

Movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, or the fanning movement of fingers or toes when they are spread apart

Abduction

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body or drawing the fingers or toes together.

Adduction

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis without lateral or medial displacement

Rotation

A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction commonly observed in ball and socket joints like the shoulder

Circumduction

Movement of the palm of the hand from an anterior or upward-facing position to a posterior or downward facing position (The distal end of the radius moves across the ulna)

Pronation

Movement of the palm from a posterior position to an anterior position (the anatomical position)

Supination

A movement that results in the medial turning of the sold of the foot

Inversion

A movement that results in the lateral turning of the sole of the foot

Eversion

A movement of the ankle joint in a dorsal direction (standing on one's heels)

Dorsiflexion

A movement of the ankle joint in which the foot is flexed downward (standing on one's toes or pointing the toes)

Planter flexion

_________________________________ is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored

Medullary cavity

________________________a specialized connective tissue covering all bones of the body, and possessing bone-forming potentialities.

Periosteum

Shiny, slipery ends of the bones located near the joints

Articular cartilage

_____________________is the flexible tissue in the interior of bones. In humans, red blood cells are produced by cores of bone marrow in the heads of long bones in a process known as hematopoiesis

Marrow

What are the two type of bones

Compact or hard

Spongy or soft

Compact or hard bone have

Osteons and in the shaft of long bones

Spongy or soft bone are located

Trabecular plates - look like swiss cheese and has or contains bone marrow

List the size and shapes of the bones and were they are found

Long - Femur humurs

Short - wrist, feet, ankle

Vertebra - irregular

flat - scapula, skull

What is a joint condition that causes water on the knee, and inflammation of the synovial joint?

Bursitis

What is the joint condition that causes stretching or tearing of ligaments?

Sprain

What joint condition causes stretching or tearing of muscles or tendons?

Strain

What joint condition causes inflammation of the joint and has over 100 variations of the condition?

Arthritis

What joint condition is the most common form and 85% of the population has been affected

Osteoarthritis

What joint condition in known to be a chronic disorder that occurs between 4--50 years of age but can occur at any age.

Rheumatoid arthritis

What joint condition causes uric acid accumaltion in the blood creating needle shaped crystals that cause extreme pain and seen in a single joint. (usually the great toe)

Gouty Arthritis

Condition that affects 1/2 of women over 65 and 20% of men over 70

Osteoporosis

Thorasic vertebra

T1- T12

Vetebral column

C1- C7

Lumbar spine

L1- L5 and is the largest vertebra

___________________ are needed to make the head ligher so we can hold our heads up

Sinuses

Weight bearing bone in the body

Tibia (shin-bone)

Non-weight bering bone in the body

Fibula

Largest bone in the body

Femur

Hinge joints

located in the elbows and knees

Ball-and-socket joints

Located in the shoulders and hips

Pivot joints

Located in the Atlas-axis joint

Saddle joint

Located in carpometacarpal area

Gliding joint

Located in the wrist

Condyloid joint

Located in the knuckles

Tibiofemoral

Location - tibia and femur

Humeroulnar

Location - humers and ulna

Metacarpophalangeal

Location - metacarpal bone and phalange

Glenohumeral

Location - Glenoid cavity and humerus

An opening usually a passage for nerves,blood vessels and ligaments

Foramen

What is the groves in a bone called

Fossa

Tunnel or tubelike passageway of the bones

Meatus

Cavity or hollow spaces of the bones

Sinus

ribs 8 - 9 - and 10 are called

False ribs

ribs 11 & 12 are called

Floating ribs

How many bones are in the wrist?

8