Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as

simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

frogs

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

fishes

Which pair of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content?

the pulmonary veins and the jugular vein

Exhaled air has ________ than inhaled air

more carbon dioxide and less oxygen

From the right ventricle, blood floweth to the

lungs

What is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?

vena cava > right atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary circuit

The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is

the veins

Fish secrete their nitrogenous waste as

ammonia

Birds secrete their nitrogenous waste as

uric acid

An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with

vasodilation

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary (arm pit) region are associated with

increased activity of the immune system

The blood pressure is lowest in the

venae cavae

In the diagram, B is the

ureter

In the diagram, D is the

urethra

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the

blood pressure being greater than 140mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are

erythropoietin and the kidneys, respectively

Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased

epinephrine

In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the

alveoli

Countercurrent exchange is evident in

the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of

lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation becasue

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume

Breathing is usually regulated by

CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors

Water has a ________oxygen concentration than air

lower

Frogs can absorb oxygen through their skin

TRUE

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein draws first into the

left atrium

Blood leaving the right atrium passes through the

right atrioventricular valve

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

rising CO2

Blood leaving the left atrium passes through the

left atrioventricular valve

In the diagram, 2 is pointing to the

superior vena cava

4 is pointing to the

pulmonary vein

9 is pointing to the

pulmonary artery

12 is pointing to the

left atrioventricular valve

6 is pointing to the

right atrioventricular valve

15 is pointing to the

aorta

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with

epithelial tissue

An example of a connective tissue is the

blood

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by

smooth muscle

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when

the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise

Positive feedback has occurred when

uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus

In a survivably cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm

invests little energy in temperature regulation

Endothermy

is a characteristic of animals that have fairly constant body temperature

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipates excess heat by

evaporation

An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body

green frog

A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning warms its flight muscles via

shivering thermogenesis

The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that

the warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood

C is pointing to the

trachea

E is pointing to the

bronchi

AC is pointing to the

alveoli

Urea is produced in the

liver from NH3 and CO2

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms

uric acid

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is

uric acid

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

urea is less toxic than ammonia

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

proteins and nucleic acids

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in

the vasa recta

The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from

the collecting duct

The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include

glucose

Human urine is usually more acidic than most other bodily fluids becuase

hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate

Increased ADH secretion is likely after

sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity

Which process in the nephron is least selective

filtration

Which of the following is excreted readily by aquatic animals because of its high solubility in the respiratory medium?

A

Which of the following is synthesized by mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fishes, and has lower toxicity than its nitrogenous substrate?

B