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Bilateral lower extremity

1.

What are the primary reasons for Venous vascular leg exam?

  • Assess for DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)
  • Evaluate the Saphenous veins for potential bypass conduit
  • Evaluate for Venous Reflux
2.

How do the deep veins course?

adjacent to major arteries and have the same names as the arteries (exception- IVC)

3.

How much blood do the deep veins in the legs carry?

85% of blood volume

4.

Name the deep veins in the pelvis?

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

Common Iliac Vein (CIV)

Internal Iliac Vein (IIV)

External Iliac Vein (EIV)

5.

What is another name for the internal iliac vein?

Hypogastric vein

6.

Name the deep veins in the thigh.

Common Femoral Vein (CFV)

Profunda Femoris Vein (PFV)

Femoral Vein (FV)

7.

When does the external illiac become the common femoral

after it crosses the inguinal ligament

8.

What is another name for the Profunda Femoris Vein?

Deep Femoral vein (DFV)

9.

Where does the greater saphenous start and end?

starts at ankle

joins the common femoral at the groin

10.

What was the Femoral vein previously known as?

Superficial Femoral Vein

11.

Where is the Femoral vein?

12.

What is the name of the vein that runs behind the knee?

Popliteal vein (Pop V)

13.

When does the femoral vein become the popliteal vein?

when the femoral crosses the adductor canal

14.

Where is the Small Saphenous vein (SSV) ?

Small Saphenous vein (SSV)

15.

What was the Small Saphenous vein (SSV) previously known as?

Lesser Saphenous Vein (LSV)

16.

Name the veins in the calf.

Popliteal vein (Pop V)

Gastrocnemius Veins

Anterior Tibial Veins (ATVs)

Posterior Tibial Veins (PTVs)

Peroneal Veins (Per. V)

17.

All veins below the knee there are _____ veins to every one artery.

two

2 veins to every 1 artery

18.

The Anterior Tibial Veins (ATVs) courses ________.

lateral

19.

The Posterior Tibial Veins (PTVs) courses ________.

medial

20.

The Peroneal Veins (Per. V) courses ________.

deep medial

21.

Explain the course of the large saphenous vein.

GSV courses along the medial aspect of the leg from the ankle to the groin where it enters the deep system at the CFV (Saphenofemoral junction)

22.

What is the difference between the deep and superficial veins?

superficial lie above the muscle

deep veins lie within muscle

23.

Explain the course of the small saphenous vein.

SSV courses up the posterior aspect of the lower leg from the Achilles tendon region to the Popliteal vein confluence in the Popliteal Fossa

24.

How many cases of DVT a year?

1 - 10 million

25.

How many cases of Pulmonary Embolus a year?

600,000 cases

26.

How many death a year from Pulmonary Embolus?

200,000 deaths

27.

What are the reasons for a BLE?

Stasis - bedrest - lack of movement

hypercoagulability

vein wall injury - stab, gunshot, IV drugs

thrombofilia

hormone replacement

28.

What are the Risk factors for DVT?

post - operative state

previous DVT

cancer

thrombophilia

  • ATIII, protein C, protein S, deficiency, APC resistance
  • Antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant

trauma

pregnancy

high dose estrogen RX

Immobility (long car or plane ride)

Bed-rest > 4 days

Lower limb paralysis

29.

What are the symptoms of a DVT?

  • persistent leg pain with acute onset
  • persistent leg swelling
  • calf pain/tenderness
  • if patients have above symptoms, 50% chance of DVT
30.

Leg swelling will be ________ if a DVT is present.

Leg swelling will be unilateral if a DVT is present.

31.

Why are DVTs have low sensitivity?

Many DVTs are clinically asymptomatic

32.

Why are DVTs have low specificity?

Non-thrombotic disorders can cause the same clinical symptoms as DVT

33.

What symptom has high positive predictive value for DVT?

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens

34.

What is Phlegmasia cerulea dolens?

massive thigh and calf swelling

limb cyanosis

iIlio - femoral outflow obstruction

painful blue anemia

35.

superficial thrombophlebitis

erythema / inflammation (swelling)

local tenderness

palpable cord or mass

usually more painful that DVT

36.

What is the main problem with superficial thromboplebitis?

hurts like hell but probably will not throw an embolism unless proximal to the deep wein system.

37.

What is the treatment with superficial thromboplebitis?

warm compress and aspirin

38.

What should be looked for on a physical exam?

swelling

limb discoloration - venous insufficiency

stasis dermatitis, ulceration

varicose veins

palpable “cords” (STP-superficial thrombophlebitis)

39.

What are the four parts o?f a Venous Duplex Techniques?

1.compressibility / coaptation of vein

2.visualization of thrombus

3.spectral Doppler - pos augmentation

4.color Doppler - wall to wall filling

40.

What are the techniques used for a Venous Duplex Techniques?

Torso elevated 10-20 degrees - tilted bed

Leg rotated externally

Start at groin crease in transverse plane

41.

What is coaptation?

close

42.

phasic & spontaneous flow

no data
43.

site 1

44.

site 2

45.

site 3

46.

site 4

47.

site 5+

no data
48.

Why would you scan through the adductor canal?

On many patients, this approach provides an excellent acoustic window to the FV and SFA in the adductor canal. However, you must compress from the posterior thigh

49.

What is the Valsalva Maneuver?

During inspiration, diaphragm moves downward and increases intra-abdominal pressure.

IVC is compressed and venous outflow is temporarily reduced or stopped.

Flow resumes during exhalation

*bearing down like you are pooping stops slows blood flow

50.

If there is no close and back filling during valsalva maneuver what does this mean?

reflux

51.

Flow direction display

Traditionally, the Doppler waveform has been displayed below baseline

This is not necessary with duplex ultrasound systems.

52.

Continuous venous flow in CFV?

proximal obstruction

53.

Respiratory phasicity may not be present due to:

Shallow breathers, (patients with pulmonary embolus-PE).

Patients who are lying supine.

Patients who have their arms raised and hands behind their head.

Spinal cord injured patients due to reduced abdominal muscle tone.

Proximal DVT or extrinsic venous compression.

54.

Where is cardiac activity most influential?

thoracic vessels.

55.

Explain cardiac influence in the lower extremities

Cardiac influence is usually not apparent or is reduced in the lower extremities

56.

Pulsatile flow due to congestive heart failure

57.

Where should you begin with Calf imaging?

at the ankle

58.

Which vessel should be identified first in the calf?

PTV

59.

What plain are the calf vessels imaged?

You may use color Doppler in transverse plane, but it’s not as good as in long view

60.

What are some methods to improve calf vein visualization?

Leg dependent position

Maximum vein dilation

****Don’t expect spontaneous flow

61.

What is the leg dependent position?

reverse trndenburg

62.

When do we examine the anterior tibial veins?

Don’t bother !

Too tedious

Too small

They’re rarely involved unless there is extensive DVT in other vessels

63.

Explain the importance of Gastroc vein thrombosis.

May be clinically important if thrombus extends to popliteal vein.

So, determine the extent of thrombus

64.

What should you do if the patient has tenderness in her calf?

If the patient is symptomatic (tenderness), look for muscular vein thrombosis

65.

Why must you augment most of the time in the calf?

Flow in calf veins is usually not spontaneous, you often must augment flow by squeezing the calf or ankle.

66.

Explain the most important perspective of bilateral lower extremity exam

thrombus anywhere from the popliteal to the iliac veins is life threatening.

****Calf vein DVT may cause PE but thrombus is too small to be fatal.

67.

What is the Criteria for Venous Thrombosis?

Absence of vein compressibility

Visualization of thrombus

Vein distention

Abnormal Doppler signals

Reduced / absent augmentation

Reduced / absent color filling

68.

What is the sonographic appearance of acute DVT?

vein distended

somewhat hypo-echoic

no collaterals

maybe free floating

Tail!!!!!!!!!!

69.

Acute DVT CFV

70.

What must you do if PTV or peroneal vein thrombus is detected?

You must look carefully in the distal pop vein for propagation. It’s a difficult region to image.

71.

What will eventually happen with chronic?

vein will eventually open back up & flow again

72.

What are the symptoms of chronic DVT?

echogenic thrombus - more echogenic then acute

vein smaller than artery

presence of collaterals

recannalization

constricted vein

73.

What us a Baker's cyst?

Synovial lining and fluid bulge into the popliteal space.

May dissect into calf muscles or along intermuscular septums

74.

What is another name for a baker's cyst?

Synovial cyst

75.

What should you do to confirm a baker's cyst?

Rule out calf hematoma by demonstrating communication with joint space

76.
no data
77.

How do you tell the difference between a Calf hematoma and a baker's cyst?

absence of joint space communication helps differentiate from Baker’s cyst

78.

Calf hematoma

79.

Lymphedema

80.

What is the sonographic appearance of a Lymphedema?

“Ant farm” appearance

81.

What is Lymphedema?

Lymphedema refers to swelling that generally occurs in one of your arms or legs. Sometimes both arms or both legs swell.

Lymphedema is most commonly caused by the removal of or damage to your lymph nodes as a part of cancer treatment. It results from a blockage in your lymphatic system

82.

Lymphedema

83.

Where are Lymph nodes commonly seen?

Commonly seen in the groin region.

84.

When are lymph nodes commonly seen?

Kidney-shaped and can be swollen in the presence of systemic infection, malignancy,

85.

What should be done when lymph nodes are seen?

Should be measured in three dimensions and reported.

86.

What is May Thurner Syndrome?

May-Thurner syndrome (MTS) is caused when the left iliac vein is compressed by the right iliac artery.

87.

Why is May Thurner syndrome dangerous?

increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the left extremity

88.

VENOUS

acute onset SX

limb swelling

persistent pain calf/thigh

local tenderness

palpable “cord”

chest pain/SOB

ARTERIAL

progressive SX

intermittent pain when walking

foot/limb coolness

limb pallor

gangrene, tissue necrosis

89.

Venous Insufficiency/
Venous Incompetence/ Venous Reflux

Primary

Congenital absence or defect of valves

Secondary

Post- phlebitic: valves damaged by venous thrombosis, and/or chronic outflow obstruction

90.

How many valves are there in the IVC?

0

91.

How many valves are there in the CIV?

0

92.

How many valves are there in the EIV?

0

93.

How many valves are there in the FV?

4

94.

How many valves are there in the Pop?

2

95.

How many valves are there in the PTV?

10

96.

How many valves are there in the ATV?

10

97.

How many valves are there in the ATV?

10

98.

What are the 3 pump systems in the lower extremities?

Foot pump

Thigh pump

Calf veno-motor pump

99.

What is the foot pump responsible for?

primes the calf pump

Thigh pump

Calf veno-motor pump

100.

What is the thigh pump responsible for?

ejects thigh blood volume

101.

What is the Calf veno-motor pump responsible for?

major ejection

Facilitates venous return to heart

Reduces the effect of hydrostatic pressure

Reduces venous pooling

Is dependent on competent valves and muscle contraction

102.

What are the veins in the calves?

PTV’s

Peroneals

ATV’s

Gastrocs

Soleal sinuses

Greater & Small Saphenous

Perferators

103.

How does the Veno-motor Pump work?

Muscle contraction squeezes blood upward, valves prevent return

104.

What is the efficiency of the calf veno-motor pump is dependent upon?

1)The ability of the calf skeletal muscles to contract.

2)The competency of the venous valves.

3)The patency of outflow veins.

105.

What can cause perforators?

Increased deep vein intraluminal pressure may cause perforators

106.

What is a perforator?

shunt venous blood from Superficial to deep system) to dilate and become incompetent.

107.

What are the Venous insufficiency symptoms?

Recurrent swelling (walking all day)

Varicose veins-Spider veins

Venous claudication - tired achy legs at end of day

Stasis dermatitis - pigment stain from leak

Ulceration

108.

What is Stasis dermatitis ?

pigment stain from leak

109.

What is Venous claudication?

tired achy legs at end of day

110.

Explain the Flow patterns in upper extremities- central veins

Cardiac pulsatility is usually apparent and pronounced.

Respiratory variation occurs, but flow during inspiration INCREASES, due to changes in thoracic pressure.

111.

subclavian

112.

What is the difference between a midline and a Picc catheter?

midline ends in the subclavian before the cephalic

picc ends just outside the heart in the SVC

113.

What are the Indications for UE venous duplex?

Pain and swelling in arm or neck

PE

Dilated SF veins of the arm or shoulder

Palpable cord in arm (SVT)

Infusion difficulty with indwelling catheters

Pre-op assessment for hemodialysis access placement

114.

What are the Deep Veins of the upper extremity?

SVC

Innominate

Subclavian

Axillary

Brachial

Radial

Ulnar

115.

What are the superficial Veins of the upper extremity?

Basilic

Cephalic

Median cubital

116.

What is the Patient position for evaluation of proximal veins?

Supine for maximum venous filling

117.
no data
118.
no data
119.

Normal upper venous flow

120.

What are the normal characteristics of upper venous flow?

respiratory phasicity

cardiac influence

121.
no data
122.

Infraclavicular Subclavian Vein

123.

What will alleviate transient axillary vein compression?

Abduct arm to alleviate transient axillary vein compression

124.

Arm veins

Use compression- release method

Pulsatile- phasic flow may be absent

Very superficial veins need standoff

125.

Assess flow direction in all proximal veins

Bilateral comparison of proximal veins for waveform symmetry

Waveform assessment priority for prox veins

no data
126.

What is the rule about when an artery bifurcates?

before venous anastomosis

127.

What is important when looking for reflux?

augmentation

128.

If the vein is above the artery, where are you?

popliteal

129.

What does continuous flow in the common femoral vein indicate?

proximal thrombosis

130.

WHat is the easiest vein the identify below the knee?

posterior tibial

131.

How do you find the peroneal veins?

posterior and deep to the PTV

132.

If calf is swollen due to venous instruction what is involved?

popliteal

133.

Where does DVT usually originate in the calf?

Soleal vein

134.

Where is the soleus located?

small sinus that drains into PTV & Perotoneal

135.

What does the gastrocnemius vein drain?

head of calf

drains into popliteal

136.

What does poor augmentation indicate?

obstruction between transducer & augmentation

137.

recanalization GSV with residual fibrous band is also called?

scaring

138.

What is sub acute?

between acute and chronic

139.

What is the treatment for a free floating thrombus?

NO AUGMENTATION!!!!!!!!!!!!

heprin/lebenen shot immediately

140.

What will lymphedema cause with augmentation?

difficult augmenatation

141.

What is progressive sx?

cholesterol problems

smoking

BP issues

142.

What causes foot/limb coolness

limb pallor

gangrene

tissue necrosis

lack of arterial flow

143.

The venous system is a ____ pressure system?

low

144.

The rule for valves is

more distal more valves

145.

What will venous obstruction in illiac, femoral or popliteal vein cause

sweeling & venous swelling

146.

Why is dilated perforators a problem?

when veins stretch valves cannot "touch" and fully shut anymore

147.

What is Paget–von Schrötter disease?

is a form of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis(DVT), in the axillary or subclavian veins.

148.

What else is Paget–von Schrötter disease called?

"effort-induced thrombosis"

149.

How many veins and arteries for the brachial, radial & ulnar?

2 veins

1 artery

150.

Where does the basilic dump into?

axillary or brachial

151.

What should be done when there is a thrombus in the basilic vein?

document how far it is from deep system

152.

What is upper extremity exam not as accurate as the lower extremity exam?

confidence & volume