Which of the following lipids is used for energy storage?

1. A) glycolipids
2. B) glycerophospholipids
3. C) sphingolipids
4. D) triacylglycerols

d

Compared to vegetable oil, beef fat is has a higher proportion of

1. A) long-chain unsaturated fatty acids
2. B) long-chain saturated fatty acids
3. C) short-chain unsaturated fatty acids
4. D) short-chain saturated fatty acids

b

Which of the following is true for biological membranes?

1. A) membranes are lipid bilayers.
2. B) membrane lipids have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties.
3. C) all of the above.
4. D) none of the above.

c

The fluidity of the lipid in the interior of a bilayer is generally increased by:

1. A) a decrease in temperature
2. B) an increase in fatty acyl chain length
3. C) an increase in the number of double bonds in fatty acids
4. D) the binding of water to the fatty acyl side chains

c

Lipid molecules are said to be amphipathic, when

1. A) they have asymmetric carbons and can exist in left- and right-handed forms.
2. B) they have a dual nature with part of the molecule being hydrophobic (unpolar) and the

other part hydrophilic (polar).

1. C) they are capable of moving out from a lipid bilayer.

b

Triacylglycerols are NOT found in cell membranes because they are

1. A) charged at biological pH
2. B) not abundant in cells
3. C) not amphipathic
4. D) amphipathic

c

Integral membrane proteins are proteins that

1. A) penetrate or span the membrane
2. B) loosely associated with the membrane
3. C) can be released from the membrane by changing the pH
4. D) can be released from the membrane by changing the ionic strength

a

Facilitated diffusion (passive transport) through a biological membrane is

1. A) driven by ATP hydrolysis
2. B) driven by the movement of lipids
3. C) driven by a concentration gradient
4. D) endergonic

c

Which of the following transport processes requires no energy?

1. A) Facilitated diffusion
2. B) Primary active transport
3. C) Secondary active transport

a

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding the oxidation of fatty acids by the b-

oxidation pathway?

1. A) the reactions produce acetyl-CoA.
2. B) the reactions DO NOT produce FADH
3. C) the reactions produce NADH.
4. D) the reactions occur in the mitochondria.

b

In animal cells, where does fatty acid synthesis occur?

1. A) in lysosome
2. B) in the nucleus
3. C) in mitochondria
4. D) in the cytosol

d

Fatty acids are activated to acyl-CoAs and the acyl group is further transferred to carnitine

BECAUSE:

1. A) acyl-carnitines readily cross the mitochondrial inner membrane, but acyl-CoAs do not.
2. B) acyl-CoAs easily cross the mitochondrial membrane, but the fatty acids themselves will

not.

1. C) carnitine is required to oxidize NAD

+

to NADH.

a

Fatty acids are oxidized in the ______.

1. A) mitochondrial matrix
2. B) cytosol
3. C) endoplasmic reticulum
4. D) nucleus

a

Which of the following compounds serves to transport excess ammonia from muscle to liver

for urea synthesis?

1. A) alanine
2. B) aspartic acid
3. C) glycine
4. D) serine

a

Which of the following best defines an essential amino acid?

1. A) an amino acid that cannot be made de novo by humans and must be obtained in the diet
2. B) an amino acid that can be made by human
3. C) all of the above is correct
4. D) both A and B are correct

a

At the subcellular level where does the urea cycle occur?

1. A) mitochondrial matrix only
2. B) mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol
3. C) cytosol and nucleus
4. D) cytosol only

b

The carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis are derived from intermediates in all of the

following EXCEPT?

1. A) citric acid cycle
2. B) pentose phosphate pathway
3. C) β-oxidation pathways of fatty acids
4. D) glycolysis

c

Urea synthesis in mammals via urea cycle takes place in tissues of the:

1. A) brain
2. B) muscle
3. C) liver
4. D) kidney

c

Early in your chemistry career, you probably spilled some sodium hydroxide on your hands

and noticed that bases feel soapy. The soapy feeling is caused by:

1. A) Release of hydrogen from triacylglycerols
2. B) Release of calcium from triacylglycerols
3. C) Production of soap as a result of the reaction between base and the triacylglycerols in your

skin.

c

Transamination reactions require which coenzyme?

1. A) PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)
2. B) NADP
3. C) FMN
4. D) FAD

a

Alanine is NOT classified among the essential amino acids because:

1. A) We consume so much alanine that we don't need to make any.
2. B) We can form alanine by transamination of pyruvate.
3. C) We can form alanine by cleaving arginine.
4. D) Alanine is neutral and no neutral amino acids are essential.

b

Which of the following lipoprotein particles are indicative of “good” cholesterol?

1. A) HDL
2. B) LDL
3. C) chylomicrons
4. D) VLDL

a

Which of the following lipoprotein particles are indicative of “bad” cholesterol?

1. A) HDL
2. B) LDL
3. C) chylomicrons
4. D) VLDL

b

High levels of cholesterol in the blood can lead to

1. A) hyperglycemia
2. B) atherosclerosis
3. C) hyperammonemia

b

In order to synthesize fatty acids, acetyl-CoA is shuttled out of mitochondria as

1. A) Pyruvate
2. B) Malate
3. C) Citrate
4. D) Oxaloacetate

c

Which two amino acids serve as the primary nitrogen donors for the biosynthesis of the other

amino acids?

1. A) Aspartate and alanine
2. B) Aspartate and asparagine
3. C) Glutamate and glutamine
4. D) Serine and glycine

c

Enzymes that digest the triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and monoacylglycerol are called

1. A) hydrases
2. B) glyases
3. C) lipases
4. D) all of the above

c

Cholesterol is not oxidized for energy within the body, but you might help eliminate it from

your body if you could increase the formation of:

1. A) Triacylglycerols
2. B) Bile salts
3. C) Mineralocorticoids
4. D) Protein hormones

b

How many rounds of b oxidation would be required for a 16-C fatty acyl chain to be degraded

to acetyl-CoA?

1. A) 16
2. B) 8
3. C) 7
4. D) none of the above

c

The conversion of palmitoyl-CoA (16:0) to myristoyl-CoA (14:0) and 1 mol of acetyl-CoA by

the beta-oxidation pathway results in the net formation of:

1. A) 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH
2. B) 1 FADH2 and 1 NADPH
3. C) 1 FADH2, 1 NADH, and 1 ATP
4. D) 2 FADH2 and 2 NADH

a

Free fatty acids in the bloodstream are:

1. A) bound to hemoglobin
2. B) carried by the protein serum albumin
3. C) freely soluble in the aqueous phase of the blood
4. D) nonexistent; the blood does not contain fatty acids

b

Cholesterol is synthesized from:

1. A) acetyl-CoA
2. B) choline
3. C) lipoic acid
4. D) malate

a

Which types of amino acids are ketogenic?

1. A) those that are degraded to pyruvate.
2. B) those that are degraded to acetyl-CoA.

b

Glutamate can be synthesized directly from:

1. A) oxaloacetate
2. B) citrate
3. C) a-ketoglutarate

c

Nonessential amino acids:

1. A) are synthesized by plants and bacteria, but not by humans.
2. B) can be synthesized in humans.

b

If a person's urine contains unusually high concentrations of urea, which one of the following

diets has he or she probably been eating recently?

A)High carbohydrate, very low protein

1. B) Very high fat, very low protein
2. C) Very low carbohydrate, very high protein

c

The drug called lovastatin is now used to decrease plasma cholesterol levels by

inhibiting the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis. This step is catalyzed by:

1. A) HMG-CoA synthase
2. B) HMG-CoA reductase
3. C) thiolase
4. D) acetyl-CoA carboxylase

b

Each of the following statements are true for lipoproteins, EXCEPT.

1. A) Lipoproteins are complexes of lipid and protein which are necessary for lipid

transport in the blood.

1. B) Atherosclerosis is not linked to high levels of LDL-bound cholesterol.
2. C) Low density lipoproteins carry cholesterol and cholesterol esters.

b

Which of the following statements about cholesterol is FALSE?

1. A) Plant-based foods contain cholesterol.
2. B) Cholesterol can be metabolized to bile acids.
3. C) Cholesterol can be converted to cholesteryl ester for storage.
4. D) Cholesterol is an essential component of all animal cell membranes.

a

Triacylglycerols contain three fatty acid molecules esterified to the three hydroxyl groups of

1. A) glycerol
2. B) sphingasine
3. C) pyruvate
4. D) alanine

a

The principal site of cholesterol synthesis is:

1. A) The liver
2. B) The ovaries
3. C) The testes
4. D) The intestines

a

In steady-state metabolism:

1. A) The rates of catabolism far exceed the rates of anabolism
2. B) The rate of anabolism exceeds the rate of catabolism
3. C) A balance exists between rates of anabolism and catabolism

c

Unlike water-soluble hormones, steroid hormones act by:

1. A) Transport to a target cell, diffusion through the membrane, and controlling genes
2. B) Moving to the target organ and binding to a membrane

a

The Cori cycle is:

1. A) the conversion of lactate to pyruvate in skeletal muscle to drive glycogen synthesis
2. B) the interconversion between glycogen and glucose l-phosphate
3. C) the production of lactate from glucogen in skeletal muscle with the resynthesis of glucose

from lactate in liver

1. D) the synthesis of alanine from pyruvate in skeletal muscle and the synthesis of pyruvate

from alanine in liver

c

All hormones

1. A) are able to enter their target cells.
2. B) are water-soluble.
3. C) act through binding receptors.
4. D) act by changing the expression of specific genes

c

Which of the following chemicals is NOT a second messenger?

1. A) Calcium ions
2. B) cyclic AMP (cAMP)
3. C) cyclic GMP (cGMP)
4. D) insulin

d

How does the blood glucose level of diabetics tend to compare to "normal?"

1. A) Blood glucose levels of diabetics tend to be high.
2. B) Blood glucose levels of diabetics tend to be low.
3. C) There is little to no difference between the blood glucose of diabetics and normal levels.

a

Which of the following tissues CANNOT use free fatty acids from blood for energy but can

use ketone bodies as an energy source?

1. A) liver
2. B) brain
3. C) muscle

b

When blood glucose is abnormally high, the pancreas releases:

1. A) epinephrine
2. B) glucagon
3. C) glucose
4. D) insulin

d

Of the two types of diabetes, which of the following situations is UNIQUE to type II

diabetes?

1. A) an inability to take up glucose efficiently from the blood
2. B) an inability to respond to insulin
3. C) an inability to produce sufficient insulin
4. D) high levels of glucose in the urine

b

lower melting point

at least one double bonds

unsaturated

longer the chain =

less double bonds =

higher mp

free fatty acids transported by

albumin in blood

membrane interior is

hydrophobic

acetyl CoA must be attached to ______

to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane from cytosol

carnitine

each trip through beta oxidation

looses and gains what?

looses 2 carbons

produces 1 NADH and 1 FADH2

fatty acid synthesis starts with _____ in the ____---

acetyl CoA

liver cytoplasm from the mitochondria via citrate transporter

cholesterol from diet

exogenous

transamination is

transfer of amino group from alpha AA to alpha keto acid

synthesis of AA in cytosol needs

carbon backbone

nitrogen intermediates from metabolic pathways

ammonia from glutamate

fatty acids

Most other lipids (e.g. triacylglycerols, and cholesterol) are

transported in the blood as part of complex particles called

lipoproteins

Membranes are composed of

1) lipids (amphipathic lipids: have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

moieties)

2) proteins (integral and peripheral)

The interior of the membrane is fluid and hydrophobic

Hydrophobic (lipophilic) molecules can pass through a membrane’s

hydrophobic interior by

simple diffusion down the gradient

Polar or charged molecules require proteins to form passages

through the hydrophobic barrier

1) Passive transport (facilitated diffusion) takes place when an

ion or polar molecule moves down its concentration gradient

2) Active transport: energy source is required for moving a

molecule for moves against a concentration gradient e.g. the

Na+-K+ ATPase

Fatty acids are synthesized by the repetitive condensation

of two-carbon units originally derived from

acetyl-CoA in the cytosol that came from the mitochondria