Comprehensive Exam
Vasodilation is one of the mechanisms for reducing heat loss from the body.
false
Apoptosis indicates that something has gone wrong with a cell's homeostasis and caused it
to die prematurely.
false
Red blood cells are the largest cells in the human body.
false
Programmed cell death is carried out by a process called autophagy.
false
All anatomy is the result of physiology and all physiology is made possible by anatomy.
true
The solution D5W consists of _____ grams dextrose in ___________________
5; 100 ml total solution.
Which of the following correctly lists the levels of human structural complexity from
smaller to the larger structural units?
organelles-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems
The smallest structures that biologists consider to be alive are…
cells
Studying anatomy by touch, for example during a physical examination, is called
palpation
Studying anatomy by listening to natural sounds of the heart or lungs is called…
auscultation
Which of the following processes can occur without involving a semi-permeable
membrane?
simple diffusion
White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of
phagocytosis
Cells dispose of worn-out organelles by a process called
autophagy
The modern cell theory includes all of the following generalizations except
All cells are enclosed in a cell wall.
Which function is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
protein synthesis
Which of the following cellular structures is nonliving?
-glycogen granules
-mitochondria
-lysosomes
-DNA
-enzymes
-nucleus
What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death?
lysosome
What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
protein synthesis
You put half a maraschino cherry on each dish of pudding you plan to serve for dessert. A few hours later, you notice the red color has spread through the pudding in the area surrounding the cherry. This resulted from...
diffusion
Which of the following is the term for the study of “cells”?
cytology
Which of the following is the term for the study of function?
physiology
The largest organelle of the cell is …
nucleus
Which of the following terms describes human structures visible with the unaided eye?
gross anatomy
Which term is used to describe the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions in the body?
homeostasis
A ______ consists of a relatively abundant _____ and a relatively less abundant _____.
solution, solvent, solute
The movement of water molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane without the addition of energy is …
osmosis
The process where specific molecules or ions are “escorted” through a semi-permeable membrane by a Special Carrier Protein or Gate from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is …
facilitated diffusion
The process where specific molecules or ions are “escorted” through a semi-permeable membrane by a Special Carrier Protein or Gate from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration is …
active transport
Which of the following terms refers to general bulk transport of any or all materials into the cell?
endocytosis
Which of the following terms refers to specific bulk transport of water into the cell?
pinocytosis
Which of the following terms refers to specific bulk transport of food or pathogens into the cell?
phagocytosis
Which of the following terms refers to general bulk transport of any or all materials out of the cell?
exocytosis
Which of the following terms refers to the programmed death of cells after a certain number of divisions?
apoptosis
If the fluid in a cell is 0.9% salt, and it is put into a fluid of 1.5% salt, the fluid on the outside of the cell would be _____ to the cell.
hypertonic
Which of the following is opaque?
suspension
Which of the following is heterogeneous?
suspension
The relatively less abundant part of a fluid mixture (example: the salt in a salt and water mixture.)
solute
The relatively more abundant part of a fluid mixture (example: the water in a salt and water mixture.)
solvent
Sand plus water mixture.
suspension
Dextrose plus water mixture.
solution
Blood is a…
suspension
Causes crenation.
hypertonic solution
Causes hemolysis.
hypotonic solution
Causes no change in the cell.
isotonic solution
The beaker solution with a cell with 0.9% salt solution in a beaker with a 0.5% salt solution.
hypotonic solution
The beaker solution with a cell with 0.9% salt solution in a beaker with a 0.9% salt solution.
isotonic solution
The beaker solution with a cell with 0.9% salt solution in a beaker with a 0.1% salt solution.
hypotonic solution
Which of the following is NOT a major human tissue type?
cutaneous tissue
Which of these tissues cover or line all of the body’s “free” surfaces?
epithelial tissue
Which of these tissues is characterized by wide interstitial spaces?
connective tissue
Which of these tissues can be simple or stratified?
epithelial tissue
Which of these tissues can contain fibroblasts?
connective tissue
Which of these tissues is characterized by little interstitial space?
epithelial tissue
Which of the following make up your epidermis?
stratified squamous epithelium
When you think of simple diffusion, you think of…
simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following are associated with exfoliation?
stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following can be either keratinized or non-keratinized?
stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following occur where dissolved matter needs to pass through a membrane quickly?
simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following occur in the kidney tubules and most glands?
simple cuboidal epithelium
Which of the following line your blood vessels?
simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following are characterized by the presence of cilia?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Which of the following resist abrasion and penetration by pathogenic organisms?
stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following can contain melanocytes?
stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following are characterized by the absence of cilia and the presence of goblet cells?
simple columnar epithelium
Which of the following line your oral cavity?
stratified squamous
Which of these tissues is characterized by protein fibers and ground substance?
connective tissue
Which of these tissues is characterized by containing fibroblasts?
connective tissue
Which part of the nail is the hyponychium?
the area under the part you clip with nail clippers
Which part of the nail is the eponychium?
the cuticle
Which part of the nail is the small moon-shaped part of the nail?
the lunule
Which part of the nail is the free edge?
the part you clip with nail clippers
Which of the following do not develop until puberty?
apocrine sweat glands
Which of the following secrete an oil to lubricate and soften the hair shaft?
sebaceous glands
Which of the following secrete only water salt and urea?
merocrine sweat glands
Which of the following secrete water salt and urea plus a milky protein?
apocrine sweat glands
Which of the following is located with the hair in the hair follicle?
sebaceous glands
Which of the following is located away from the hair follicle, but secretes into the hair follicle?
apocrine sweat glands
Deepest layer of the skin?
Stratum basale
Layer superficial to the deepest layer?
stratum spinosum
Middle layer?
stratum granulosum
Layer just deep to the superficial layer?
stratum lucidum
Superficial layer?
stratum corneum
Which one of these layers is not found in thin skin?
stratum lucidum
Which one of these layers invaginates into the dermis of the skin to form a hair follicle?
stratum basale
Which of the following secrete through ducts?
exocrine glands
Which of the following secrete directly into the bloodstream?
endocrine glands
Apocrine sweat glands are which of these?
exocrine glands
Merocrine sweat glands are which of these?
exocrine glands
Which of the following secrete hormones?
endocrine glands
Which of the following can be white or brown?
adipose tissue
Which of the following is highly vascular?
areolar connective tissue
Which of the following is not the major tissue of the dermis, but found in the dermal papilla?
areolar connective tissue
Which of the following is the major tissue of the dermis?
dense irregular connective tissue
Which of the following is the major tissue of the hypodermis?
adipose tissue
In which of the following do the cells contain little cytoplasm but instead a large vacuole?
adipose tissue
Which of the following is found in tendons and ligaments?
dense regular connective tissue
Which of the following contain wide interstitial space?
-areolar connective tissue
-dense regular connective tissue
-dense irregular connective tissue
-connective tissue
Which of the following is transparent?
solution
Which of the following is homogeneous and transparent?
solution
The movement of molecules or ions from a higher concentration to a lower concentration without added energy is …
simple diffusion
Exocrine glands are ductless glands.
false
Endocrine glands produce neurotransmitters.
false
A neutral pH indicates equal amounts of H+ and OH- ions in solution.
true
Acid-Base Balance is one of the most important aspects of homeostasis
true
The blood and tissue fluids normally have a pH of 7.35-7.45
true
Only free hydrogen ions (H+) determine the pH of a solution
true
The carbonic acid buffer system has the formula CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> HCO3- + H+
true
Oxygen contributes to 65% of your body weight.
true
Carbon contributes to 18% of your body weight.
true
Hydrogen contributes to 10% of your body weight.
true
Which of the following are physiologically important cations?
-Na+
-K+
-Ca++
-H+
Which of the following ions is the most significant solute in determining total body water and its distribution?
Na+
Which of the following is the most accessible body fluid for measuring electrolyte concentrations?
blood
What is true regarding sodium ions?
one of the principal ions responsible for the resting membrane potential in cells
What is true regarding calcium ions?
-gives strength to the skeleton
-activates the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction
-activates exocytosis of neurotransmitters and other cellular secretions
-an essential factor in blood clotting
What is true regarding the carbonic buffer cycle?
-it is reversible
-carbonic acid acts as a weak acid by releasing H+ and lowering pH.
-bicarbonate acts as a weak base by binding H+, removing the ions from solution, and raising pH
-forms by the hydration of CO2 and then dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and H+
What is true for the protein buffer cycle?
-has the equation COOH -> COO- + H+
-has the equation NH2 + H+ -> NH3+
-is a weak acid to neutralize a strong base
-is a weak base to neutralize a strong acid
What is true regarding potassium ions?
-where sodium goes, potassium leaves
-are an important cofactor in protein synthesis
-are involved with production of the resting membrane potential
-are designated as K+
A chemical that releases H+ ions in solution is…
an acid
A chemical that binds H+ ions in solution is…
a base
A substance that binds and removes H+ ions from a solution when their concentration gets too high is…
a buffer
A substance that releases H+ ions into a solution when their concentration gets too low is…
a buffer
Can restore normal pH within a fraction of a second
chemical buffer
Stabilizes pH by controlling the body’s output of acids, bases, or CO2
physiological buffer
pH 6
acid
pH 9
base
pH 1
acid
pH 12
base
Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates milk production?
anterior pituitary
Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates milk letdown?
posterior pituitary
Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates calcium deposition in bone?
thyroid gland
Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates calcium release from bone?
parathyroid gland
Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates growth and development?
anterior pituitary
Which of these produces a hormone that stimulates increased metabolism?
thyroid gland
Which of these produces gonadotropins?
anterior pituitary
One organ on the list controls one of the other organs listed with hormone stimulation. Which one of these is that controlled
organ?
anterior pituitary
Which of these produces all stimulating hormones?
anterior pituitary
Which of these produces all releasing hormones?
hypothalamus
Which of these produces all tropic hormones?
anterior pituitary
Which of these produces all prostaglandins?
various tissues
One organ on the list controls one of the other organs listed with nervous stimulation instead of
hormone stimulation. Which one of these is that controlling organ?
hypothalamus
One organ on the list controls one of the other organs listed with nervous stimulation instead of
hormone stimulation. Which one of these is that controlled organ?
posterior pituitary
Children have more bones than adults do.
true
Each osteocyte of compact bone is nourished by blood capillaries in its lacuna.
false
ATP is the energy molecule produced used by the cells.
true
Autocrine signals are locally acting signals
false
Tori are extra bones in the mouth.
true
Sesamoid bones are also known as sutural bones.
false
The patella is a sesamoid bone.
true
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered antagonistic.
false
Sutural bones are found where damaged tissue has been sutured back together.
false
The thyroid gland and the thymus both go through involution.
false
Hormone regulation occurs primarily by positive feedback.
false
Paracrine signals act on the same cell from which it is synthesized.
false
Sesamoid bones are found in tendons adjacent to joints
true
Bone cells that build compact bone are called
osteoblast
The outer layer of a bone is called the:
periosteum
Bone cells that consume or breakdown compact bone are called
osteoclasts
Mature bone cells trapped in lacunae are called
osteocytes
The location of longitudinal growth in the long bones of children is called
epiphyseal plate
The division of the skeleton containing the most red bone marrow in adults is the
axial skeleton
Cancers of the muscles or connective tissues are…
sarcomas
Cancers of the epithelial tissues are…
carcinomas
Mature bone cells reside in small oval cavities in bones called…
lacunae
Bone is laid down in concentric rings around the blood vessels. Those concentric rings are
called…
lamellae
The structures that allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from one mature bone cell to another
are called……
canaliculi
The shaft of a long bone.
diaphysis
The lining of the medullary cavity
endosteum
Is continuous with the tendons and ligaments
periosteum
Which of the following is a bacterial infection of joints?
septic arthritis
Which of the following is characterized by uric acid deposits in the big toe?
gout
Which of the following is characterized by very painful, inflamed thickened synovial membranes?
rheumatoid arthritis
Which of the following is characterized by painful degradation of the hyaline cartilage on the epiphysis of long bones?
osteoarthritis
Tennis elbow is an example of…
bursitis
Which of the following afflicts women three times more often than men?
rheumatoid arthritis
Which of the following afflicts men more often than women?
gout
Shoulder joints are synovial joints.
true
Gomphoses are synovial joints.
false
Hip joints are synovial joints.
true
Sutures are synovial joints.
false
Elbow joints are synovial joints.
true
Pubic symphyses are synovial joints.
false
Knee joints are synovial joints.
true
Which of the following have no charge?
neutron
C6H12O6 is an example of …
empirical formula
Bonds between cations and anions are called…
ionic bonds
What is true about the elements in the column at the far right (column VIIIA) of the periodic table?
-have a full valence shell
-are electroneutral
-are inert therefore will not react with other atoms
-are considered “happy atoms”.
96% of your body by weight is…
-oxygen
-carbon
-hydrogen
-nitrogen
The first shell or orbital of an atom can have a maximum of how many electrons?
2
The second shell or orbital of an atom (for our purposes) can have a maximum of how many electrons?
8
Chemistry is the scientific study of…
matter
Any substance that prevents a drastic pH shift by converting a “stronger” acid or base into a “weaker” acid or base is a…
buffer
Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds are…
molecules
If an atom has seven shells or orbitals, which is the valence shell?
the seventh one
What pH reading is considered to be neutral?
7.0
Bonds between individual water molecules are called…
hydrogen bonds
The general name for any atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons is…
ion
The fundamental substance of matter is the…
element
For an atom to be “happy”, as we discussed in class, it requires which of these? Select ALL that apply!
-electroneutral
-full valence shell
Which of the following hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
Which of the following hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
-aldosterone
-cortisol
Salts dissolved in water…
-electrolyte
-anion
-cation
What pH readings are considered basic?
7.1-14
What pH readings are considered acidic?
0-6.9
Which of the following have a negative charge?
-electron
-anion
A substance that absorbs H+ or releases OH- in detectible amounts in solution is a (an)…? Select ALL that apply!
-organic base
-inorganic base
A substance that releases H+ in detectible amounts in solution is a (an)…? Select ALL that apply!
-organic acid
-inorganic acid
Which of the following is/are found in the nucleus of an atom?
-protons
-neutrons
Substances that dissociate in water to release cations and anions (except H+ and OH-) and thus conduct electricity in solution are…? Select ALL that apply!
-electrolytes
-salts
Which of the following have a positive charge?
-proton
-cation
Bonds between atoms where electrons are shared are called…?
-covalent bonds
-polar covalent bonds
For this adult long bone, identify the indicated structure:
epiphysis
For this adult long bone, identify the indicated structure:
diaphysis
For this adult long bone, identify the indicated structure:
epiphyseal line
For this adult long bone, identify the indicated structure:
epiphysis
For this adult long bone, identify the type of bone tissue indicated:
spongy bone
Identify the hollow center of this bone:
medullary cavity
For this adult long bone, identify the type of bone tissue indicated:
compact bone
Identify the structure with the * (asterisk):
central canal
Identify the “squiggly lines” in the illustration:
canaliculi
Identify the “dark ovals” in the illustration:
lacunae
Identify the “concentric rings like in an onion” in the illustration:
lamellae
Identify the entire structure in the bracket in the illustration:
osteon
List a hormone that regulates calcium in bone.
-calcitonin
-PTH
-parathyroid hormone