Diseases of the ___________ are the second most common illnesses in the United States.

digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system usually result from ingesting _____________________________

microorganisms or their toxins in food
and water

The fecal–oral cycle of transmission can be broken by the:
____________________
____________________
____________________.

proper disposal of sewage,
the disinfection of drinking water,
and proper food preparation and storage

True or False
Small numbers of bacteria colonize the mouth

False:
Large numbers of bacteria colonize the mouth

True or False:
The stomach and small intestine have a lot of resident microorganisms

False
The stomach and small intestine have few resident microorganisms

Bacteria in the large intestine assist ______________________________________

in degrading food and synthesizing vitamins

Up to _____ of fecal mass is microbial cells

40%

_______________, found in the mouth, uses sucrose to form dextran from glucose and lactic acid
from fructose

Streptococcus mutans

Bacteria adhere to teeth by the sticky _________, forming dental plaque

dextran

Caries of the cementum and gingivitis are caused by
-
-
-

streptococci,
actinomycetes,
and anaerobic gram-negative bacteria

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is often caused by -----------------

Prevotella intermedia

Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by the ingestion of an _________ produced in improperly
stored foods.

enterotoxin

S. aureus is inoculated into foods during __________. The bacteria grow and produce enterotoxin in food stored at room temperature

preparation

True or False
Boiling for 30 minutes is not sufficient to denature the exotoxin

True

Foods with high osmotic pressure (like salt) and those not cooked immediately before consumption are most
often the source of _____________________________

staphylococcal enterotoxicosis

Shigellosis (Bavillary Dysentery) is caused by any of four species of ______________

Shigella

Symptoms include blood and mucus in stools, abdominal cramps, and fever.

Symptoms of Shigellosis

Infections by __________result in ulceration of the intestinal mucosa

S. dysenteriae

Salmonellosis, or Salmonella gastroenteritis, is caused by many ____________________________

Salmonella enterica serovars.

Symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea and begin 12 to 36 hours after eating large numbers of Salmonella

Salmonellosis

True or False
Salmonellosis can cause Septic shock to occur in infants and in the elderly

True

True or False
Cooking food will usually kill Salmonella

True

_________ causes typhoid fever; the bacteria are transmitted by contact with human feces

Salmonella typhi

S. typhi is harbored in the ___________ of carriers

gallbladder

Typhoid fever is treated with ___________ and ________

quinolones and cephalosporins

Vibrio cholerae O:1 and O:139 produce an exotoxin that ________________________________________

alters the membrane permeability of the intestinal
mucosa

Vibrio gastroenteritis can be caused by ______________________ and _______________________

V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus

Noncholera Vibrios diseases are contracted by __________________________________

eating contaminated crustaceans or contaminated mollusks

Traveler’s diarrhea may be caused by enterotoxigenic or enteroinvasive strains of __________.

E. coli

___________ is the second most common cause of diarrhea in the United States

Campylobacter

Campylobacter is transmitted in

unpasteurized cow’s milk or fruit juices and poorly cooked

___________________ produces ammonia, which neutralizes stomach acid; the bacteria colonize the stomach
mucosa and cause peptic ulcer disease.

Helicobacter pylori

with Yersinia Gastroenteritis ____________ and _______________ are transmitted in meat and milk.

Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis

True or False:
Yersinia can grow at refrigeration temperatures

True

Growth of__________ following antibiotic therapy can result in mild diarrhea or severe colitis.

C. difficile

True or false C. diff condition is usually associated with hospitalized patients and nursing home residents.

true

Mumps virus enters and exits the body through the ____________________

respiratory tract

This virus causes inflammation of the parotid glands, fever, and
pain during swallowing. About 4 to 7 days later, orchitis may occur in males.

Mumps

With Mumps After onset of the symptoms, the virus is found in the
-
-
-

blood, saliva, and urine

Inflammation of the liver is called _________

hepatitis

Viral causes of hepatitis include hepatitis viruses, _____________ (___), and ____________ (___).

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV)

_____________ (____) causes hepatitis A

Hepatitis A virus (HAV

HAV is ingested in contaminated food or water

ingested in contaminated food or water,

HAV grows in the

cells of the intestinal mucosa, and
spreads to the liver, kidneys, and spleen in the blood

The virus is eliminated with ________

feces

_____________ causes hepatitis B, which is frequently serious

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

HBV is transmitted by

blood transfusions, contaminated syringes, saliva, sweat, breast milk, and
semen

True or False
The average incubation period is 3 months; recovery is usually complete, but some patients develop
a chronic infection or become carriers.

True

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is transmitted via

blood

Viral gastroenteritis is most often caused by a ___________ or _________________

rotavirus or norovirus

Ergot poisoning, or ergotism, is caused by the mycotoxin produced by _______________

Claviceps purpurea

____________ are the crop most often contaminated with the Claviceps mycotoxin

Cereal grains

Giardia lamblia grows in the intestines of humans and wild animals and is transmitted in

contaminated water

Cryptosporidiosis causative agent is

Crytosporidium hominis

Crytosporidium hominis causes diarrhea

diarrhea

Crytosporidium hominis is transmitted in

contaminated water

Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection is caused by

C. cayetanensis

Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection is transmited by

contaminated produce

Amoebic dysentery is caused by ___________________ growing in the large intestine

Entamoeba histolytica

Tapeworms are contracted by the consumption of _____________________ containing
encysted larvae (cysticerci

undercooked beef, pork, or fish

The ________ attaches to the intestinal mucosa of humans (the definitive host) and matures into an adult
tapeworm

scolex

_________________ in humans occurs when the pork tapeworm larvae encyst in humans

Neurocysticercosis

Humans are the __________ host for pinworms

definitive

Pinworms are acquired by

is acquired by ingesting Enterobius eggs

how do you contract hookworms

Hookworm larvae bore through skin and migrate to the intestine to mature into adults

hookworm larvae hatch from eggs _________

shed in feces

Ascariasis is caused by

. Ascaris lumbricoides

Ascaris lumbricoides adults live in _________________

human intestines

Ascariasis is acquired by _____________

ingesting Ascaris eggs

Trichinellosis is contracted by

contracted by ingesting undercooked meat containing larvae

Adult females mature in the 1._______ and lay eggs; the new larvae migrate to invade 2._______

1. intestine
2. muscles

Trichinellosis Symptoms include

fever, swelling around the eyes, and gastrointestinal upset