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Exercise 4

1.

Define organelle

organ of a cell; intracellular structures that do a specific function

2.

Define Cell

basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

3.

cell membrane (plasmalemma)

external boundary of cell; regulates flow of materials into and out of the cell; site of cell signaling

4.

lysosomes

contains digestive enzymes of many varieties; "suicide sac" of the cell

5.

mitochondria

scattered throughout the cell; major site of ATP synthesis

6.

microvilli

slender extensions of the plasma membrane that increase its surface area

7.

inclusions

stored glycogen granules, crystals, pigments and so on

8.

Golgi body

"packaging plant" produces vesicle -> balls of membrane... produce lysomes & peroxisomes. membranous system consisting of flattened sacs and cesicles; packages protiens for export

9.

nucleus

control center of the cell; necessary for cell division and cell life. "control center" of cell. contains chromosomes. - largest organelle. - usually near center of cell. - has double membrane, nuclear envelope. - membrane has openings, nuclear pores. - contains a dark spot -> nucleolus, ribosomes are produced. Typically 1 nucleus per cell

10.

Exceptions to 1 nucleous per cell

1. red blood cells - annucleated 2. placental cell - binucleated 3. skeletal muscle cell - multinucleated

11.

centrioles

pair of star shapped tubes. - Made of microtubules. - help separate chromatids during cell division. two rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus; associated with the formation of the mitotic spindle

12.

nucleolus

"control center" of cell. contains chromosomes. - largest organelle. - usually near center of cell. - has double membrane, nuclear envelope. - membrane has openings, nuclear pores. - contains a dark spot -> nucleolus, ribosomes are produced. Typically 1 nucleus per cell

13.

microfilaments

contractile elements of the cytoskeleton

14.

endoplasmic reticulum

membranous system; involved in intracellular transport of proteins and synthesis of membrane lipids

15.

ribosomes

translation process of protien synthesis - chromosomes have genes that code for protiens -> used to express genes. Attached to membrane systems or scattered in the cytoplasm; site of protein synthesis

16.

chromatin

threadlike structures in the nucleus; contain genetic material (DNA)

17.

peroxisomes

site of free radical detoxification

18.

significance of the red blood cell being anucleate

they cannot reproduce & have infinite life span

19.

did anucleate red blood cells ever have a nucleous

Yes - during development

20.

what is the importance of cell division

allows for growth and repair

21.

division of the _____ is refered to as mitosis

nucleus

22.

cytokinesis is division of the ____

cytoplasm/ organelles

23.

the major structural difference between chromatin and chromosomes is tht the latter are _____

duplicated & condensed

24.

Chromosomes attached to the spindle fibers by undivided structures called _____

centromere

25.

if a cell undergoes mitosis but not cytokinesis, the product is

binucleated cell

26.

the structure that acts as a scaffolding for chromosomal attachment and movement is called the

spindle fibers

27.

_____ is the period of cell life when the cell is not involved in division

interphase

28.

two cell populations in the body that do not routinely undergo cell division are ___ & ___

Skeletal muscle & neurons

29.

chromatin coils and condenses, forming chromosomes.

prophase

30.

the chromosomes are V shaped

anaphase

31.

the nuclear envelope re-forms

teleophase

32.

chromosomes stop moving towards the poles

teleophase (late anaphase)

33.

chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

metaphase

34.

the nuclear envelope fragments

prophase

35.

the mitotic spindle forms

prophase

36.

DNA synthesis occurs

interphase

37.

Centrioles replicate

interphase

38.

chromosomes first appear to be duplex structures

prophase

39.

chromosomal centrometers are attached to the kinetochore fibers

metaphase (late prophase)

40.

chleavage furrow forms

anaphase

41.

the nuclear envelope is absent

metaphase & anaphase

42.

what is the physical advantage of the chromatin coiling and condensing to form short chromosomes at the onset of mitosis?

easier to move the separate daughter chromosomes to he newly forming cells.

43.

cell membrane - purpose & structure

purpose - defines boundary of cell
keeps all alive by controlling what can and cannot get in and out

44.

protiens - 2 types

integral - go through membrane
peripheral - on 1 side only

45.

protiens uses

-channels/pores - intake nutrients - carriers/ transporters - receptor-input - cytoskeleton anchor (shape) - enzymes - cell identity markers - cell connectors - fluid mosaic membrane

46.

carbohydrates

blood type

47.

cholesterol

- cell movements across membrane.

48.

What are passive movements

molecules spread through the membranes. Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradients. As molecules diffuse, a state of equilibrium will occur - simple diffusion. - channel mediated diffusion. - carrier mediated diffusion. - osmosis. - dialysis. - filtration.

49.

passive movements - simple diffusion

- move directly through phosipolipids. - move from high concentration to low concentration via driving force. - things that can do this are fat soluable... ie. h20, 02, co2, n2, steroids

50.

Passive movements - channel medinated diffusion

- requires channel/pore. - membrane has negative charge. (cations would get stuck/anions would repel)

51.

Passive movements - carrier mediated diffusion

- requires a carrier. - modify substance after it crosses... ie. glucose turns to glucose 6 phosphate. ATP + Glucose -> ADP + glucose 6 phosphate

52.

Passive movements - Osmosis

diffusion of water driven by solute concentration (solute-protein, sugar, salt)

53.

passive movements - osmosis - hypertonic

*Osmosis* net water movement out, cell shrinks

54.

passive movements - osmosis - hypotonic

*Osmosis* net water movement in, cell expands - lysis explodes

55.

passive movements - isotonic

* no osmosis* same concentration - no water movement

56.

passive movement - dialysis

* Osmosis * passive through membrane based on pore size - peritoneum dialysis - shunt tube - blood vessels - in abdominal cavity - as blood flows through blood vessels & filter through poresin capilaries

57.

passive movement - dialyisis - filtration

* Osmosis* in kidney - movement across a membrane due to pressure difference.

58.

Active methods & types

1 - pumping a. requires ATP * carrier molecule required * Moving opposite of concentration (lower to higher) * Na/K pump 2. a.

59.

Membrane "Shape" Organs - types

Endocytosis * Exocytosis

60.

active transport - endocytosis

moves substances into the cell by means of a vesicle.

61.

active transport - endocytosis - phagocytosis

cell eating. large particles are engulfed by plasma membrane and enter the vesicle - the vesicles fuse with lysosomes, which digest the particles

62.

active transport - endocytosis - pinocytosis

cell drinking. fluid and the substances dissolved in it enter the cell

63.

Active transport - Endocytosis - receptor mediated

receptor molecules recognize substances to be brought into the cell

64.

Active transport - Exocytosis

movement out of the cell - contains secretory vesicle - neurotransmitters & some hormones released this way. large molecules (proteins) can leave the cell even though they are too big - enclosed in vesicle then pulled to plasma membrane via cytoskeleton.

65.

Role of active transport processes

a. active transport requires energy use by the membrane b. pumps - concrentrate substances on one side of membrane, as when stroing an ion inside of an organelle c. vesicle-mediated (endocytosis, exocytosis) - move large volumes of substances at once, as in secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters

66.

cell - cell connections

a. tight junctions - prevents movement between cell b. desmosomes - connection that allow movement together c. gap juncions have tubes(connections) that allow direct cell to cell communication ie. heart

67.

cell membrane modifications

1. microvilli 2. cilia 3. flagellium

68.

cell membrane modifications - microvilli

extensions that increase the cells of surface area

69.

cell membrane modifications - cilia

hair like structure - beat = move substances over their surface ie lungs and fallopian tube

70.

cell membrane modifications - flagellium

long, whip like tail ->provides mobility ie. sperm tail

71.

Ribosome process

DNA(code) -> RNA(Copy) -> Protien ribosome translate the RNA codes. Ribosomes are formed in nucleus

72.

DNA process

Chromatin -> Chromosomes -> Chromotids. DNA = genetic code. stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. 2 strands of nucleotides twisted around each other in a double helix. Each side consists of sugar & phosphate. Runs - base pairs

73.

DNA - T

thymine

74.

DNA - A

Adenine

75.

DNA - C

Cytosine

76.

DNA - G

Guanine

77.

Chromotin

DNA wraps around protein beads called histones. Form loose, tangled strains, normal form in cell

78.

Chromosomes

formed in division. X shaped structures. condensed duplicated chromotin. human cells have 23 pairs & 46 chromosomes. xy = men. xx = woman

79.

centromere

middle, central part of chromosome

80.

chromatid

half of the chromosome after it divides - also called sister chromatids (daughter chromosomes)

81.

Cell life cycle - 4 phases

G1 - growth - normal cell function. S phase - Synthesis - DNA replicates, centride replication. G2 - growth 2 - normal activity - final preparations for division. M - Mitosic - division of nucleous, cytoplasm & organelles.

82.

Metabolism

set of chemical reactions in a cell. Catabolism & Anabolism

83.

anabolism

build up reactions. creates A+B -> AB + H20

84.

catabolism

breaksdown reactions. AB + Hw0 -> A+B - hydrolysis, digestion, food (cellular respiration pathways) -> ATP

85.

mitotic cell division - Mitosis is?

Cell Division process - makes exact copies of cell for growth and repair

86.

mitotic cell division - Mitotic base pairing - 5 phases of Mitosis

IPMAT - Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, anaphase, telophase

87.

mitotic cell division - Interphase - G, S, & G2

DNA synthesis - production of cytoplasm - replication of centrosomes and DNA in anticipation of cell division

88.

mitotic cell division - Interphase - DNA Synthesis - Base Pairing

DNA strand uncoils and strands come apart - strands are rebuilt in opposite directions, 1 strand strand that has telomeres. Telomers are segments at the end of DNA, that rebuild by the enzyme telomerase. T=A A=T G=C C=G -> will always be prepaired together, on opposite sides. 2 new strands are chromatids

89.

mitotic cell division - Prophase

"before phase" 1. chromatin condenses to chromosomes 2. nuclear membrane disappears 3. nucleoi disappear 4. centrioles begin to move to opposite ends, spidle fibers form between them

90.

mitotic cell division - Metaphase

"position changing phase" 1. chromosomes attach to spindle fibers 2. chromosomes align to the middle of cell

91.

mitotic cell division - anaphase

"apart phase" 1. chromosomes split into chromatids 2. chromatids pulled to cellic pole by centrioles & spindle fibers. centromere of each chromosome splits to form 2 chromosomes, each consisting of a single DNA molecule 4. each chromosome is pulled toward the nearest pole to form 2 separate, but identical, pools of genetic information

92.

mitotic cell division - telophase

"end phase" 1. division of cell membrane -> furrowing 2. cytokinesis -> division of cytoplasm/organelles 3. chromatid becomes chromotin 4. nuclear membrane reforms 5. nucleoli reappear 6. each daughter cells begin interphase to develop into mature cell

93.

summary of Mitosis

1. DNA replication 2. 1 round of division 3. forms 2 identicle cells (daughter cells)

94.

Why do cells divide

1. get too big - problems surface area to volume. 2. growth factors, a. HGH - human growth hormone b. PDGF - platelet derived growth factor. 3. cyclic factors

95.

What stops division

1. removal of growth factors 2. removal of cyclic factors 3. contact inhibition 4. natural killer (NK) cells 5. Tumor suppressor Gene (TSG) protiens

96.

Cancer

uncontrolled cell growth -> crowd out healthy tissue, impair normal function cells change methology, cancer can spread

97.

Causes of Cancer

1. carcinogens 2. Radiation 3. Oncogenes 4. loss of TSG 5. NK cell problems 6. Age 7. Virus infection -> that have oncogenes themselves