dura mater

outer layer of the meninges

arachnoid mater

web like layer, lacks blood vessels and nerves. lies between the dura mater and innermost layer of the pia mater

pia mater

adheres tightly to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord and provides the brain and spinal cord with many blood vessels and nerves

falx cerebelli is a

sickle shaped extension that separates the two halves or hemispheres of the cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli

separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

epidural space

contains a supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissue and also contains nerves and blood vessels

subdural space

contains a small amount of lubricating fluid and lies between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

subarachnoid space

space contains a large amount of cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrospinal fluid does what

cushions
reservoir of circulating fluid
homeostatic functions

choroid plexus

CSF separates here

each choroid plexus is covered with a sheet of specialized type of

ependymal (glial) cell

ependymal (glial) cell does what

releases the cerebral spinal fluid into the fluid spaces

nerve roots project from each side of the

spinal cord

dorsal (posterior nerve root) does what

carry information into the spinal cord

ventral (anterior) nerve root

carry motor information out of the spinal cord

the spinal cord provides

conduction routes to and from the brain, integrator or reflex center for all spinal reflexes

ascending tracts conduct

sensory impulses up the cord of the brain

descending tracts conduct

motor impulses down the cord fem the brain

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain are collectively called the

brainstem

medulla oblongata

composed of white matter and a network of gray and white matter

medulla oblongata function is

respiratory, vasomotor control center, cardiac
called the vita center

pons

serves as a message station between several areas of the brain. It helps relay messages from the cortex and the cerebellum. Without the pons, the brain would not be able to function because messages would not be able to be transmitted, or passed along. It also plays a key role in sleep and dreaming, where REM sleep, or the sleeping state where dreaming is most likely to occur, has been proven to originate here, in the pons.

midbrain

integration of numerous cranial nerves reflexes , such as eye movements, papillary reflex, ear reflexes

reticular formation

state of consciousness

cerebellum

planning and coordination of carol of skilled movements, posture , balance, coordination of sensory information relating to the body position and movement

thalamus

crude sensation, coordination of sensory information relayed to cerebrum , involved in emotional response to sensory information, involved in arousal , general processing of information to /from brain

hypothalamus

integration/coordination of many autonomic reflexes, hormonal function , involved in arousal, appetite, thermoregulation

pineal gland

produces melatonin a timekeeping hormone as part of the bodys biological clock

cerebrum

complex processing of sensory and motor information complex integrative functions

cerebral cortex

higher level processing of sensory and motor information including conscious sensation and motor control complex integrative functions such as consciousness, language , memory , emotions

cerebral tracts

conduction information between CNS areas to facilitate complex processing and integration

basal nuclei

integration and regulation of conscious motor control especially posture , walking, other repetitive movements possible roles in thinking and learning

the inner protective covering of the brain is called the

meninges

the large fluid filled spaces within the brain are called the

ventricles

formation of the CSF occurs in the

choroid plexus

spinal cord tracts provide conduction paths to and from the brain . the tracts that conduct sensory impulses down the cord from the brain are called ____ tracts

descending

the three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the

medulla oblongata, thalamus, midbrain

the second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum is the

cerebellum

what consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus

hypothalamus

the reticular activating system maintains

consciousness

the limbic system integrates

emotion

the cortex is capable of storing and retrieving information from both short term and long term

memory

the set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the

motor program

the cerebellum performs what functions

coordinates muscle control of muscle action, helps control posture, controls skeletal muscles to maintain balance

impulses from which system play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum

reticular activating system

CSF circulates through the ventricles and is eventually reabsorbed by the

venous sinsuses

a person who is awake, alert and busy would have a predominance of brain waves

beta

the part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones form the pituitary is the

hypothalamus

the flax cerebella separates the

two hemispheres of the cerebellum

vomiting reflex is mediated by the

medulla

there are ___ ventricles in the brain

4

when someone close to you dies, you feel a sense of sorrow among other emotions your ability to experience emotions is the result of

limbic system

the layer of the meninges least likely to be involved in meningitis is the

dura mater

the film terminal is part of the

meninges

the cerebrospinal fluid is formed by separation of fluid from the blood in the

choroid plexus

the brainstem includes

pons, medulla, midbrain

the bodes biological close is controlled by the

pineal body

innermost layer of the meninges is the

pia mater

the white mater of the cerebellum is called the

arbor vitae

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed a person would lose

sensory perception related to that pathway

CSF is found in

subdural space, third ventricle, central canal

several vital centers are located in the

medulla

the cerebellum acts with the _____ to produce skilled movement

cerebrum

which part of the brain releases the hormone melatonin

pineal gland

which of the following would not be an effecter of the autonomic nervous system

skeletal muscle

what might occur from the stimulation of parasympathetic fibers

increased peristalsis in the digestive tract

what cranial nerve is responsible for movements of the tongue

hypoglossal

small branches fro mthe cervical plexus join which two cranial nerves

hypoglossal and accessory

what are characteristics of the sympathetic preganglionic nerurons

they secret ACTH, the pass through the sympathetic trunk, they have long fivers from the CNS to ganglion

parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the

nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord

what is not true of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

they produce norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter

what is associated with ocular movement

eye movement, regulating the size of the pupil, propriception of the eye

what is not true about the sympathetic postganglionic neurons

they produce ACTH

the nerve called the vagus nerve is the

tenth cranial nerve

somatic reflexes consists of

contractions of the skeletal muscles

nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the

coccygeal plexus

what region of the spinal cord contribute nerves to a plexus

cervical , thoracic , lumbar

the caudal equine is

the nerves below the ending of the spinal cord

the phrenic nerve is found in the

cervical plexus

norepinephrine is liberated at

most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings

what is true about spinal nerves

they are motor and sensory fibers

afferent nerves or fivers are found in the

only in the sensory nervous system and autonomic nervous system

the cervical plexus is

found deep in the neck

the sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because

preganglionic fibers synapse with several postganglionic fibers

what cranial nerves have a functional classification of motor

oculomotor, trochlear, accessory

what is the plexus of the spinal nerves

cervical, brachial , lumbar

efferent nerves or fibers are found

in the ANS, and somatic nervous system

somatic motor and autonomic pathways have what same characteristics

made up of mostly efferent fibers, location of peripheral fibers, have acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

acetylcholine can stimulate

cholinergic receptors

beta receptors bind with

norepinephrine

whiz is the neurotransmitter in a somatic motor pathway

acetylcholine

what color is a cone able to respond

green

what is true about temp receptors

they adapt rapidly, can respond to heat and cold, beyond a temp of about 48 degrees celcius sensation of burning pains is felt

taste buds are found in the

lining of the mouth, soft palate, tongue

pain that is perceived as being a superficial pain is one place but is actually caused somewhere else is the

referred pain

what receptors the most common and widely distributed receptors

free nerve endings

the number of pure or primary tastes are

5

both olfactory receptors and taste buds are

chemoreceptors

which tongue papillae are huge dome shaped bumps that form a transverse row near the back of the tongue

circumvallate papillae

pacinian corpuscles are

are found in the deep dermis, especially hands and feet

chemorecetprs are most limey to be activated by

noxious odors

which tongue papillae are large , mushroom shaped bumps found in the anterior two thirds of the tongue surface

fungiform papillae

dynamic equilibrium depends on the

crista ampullaris

sensory neurons in the sense are unique because they are regularly replaced by

smell

what are the primary taste sensations

sweet, sour, bitter

what are the vestibule of the inner ear

utricle, saccule

how many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord

31

afferent nerves do what

carry information into the CNS and help maintain homoeostasis by sensing change in the enviorment

efferent fibers do what

carry information away form the CNS, they regulate skeletal muscle, allowing us to defend ourself, gather food, and perform essential tasks

how are the spinal nerves attached

by the ventral and dorsal root

the dorsal root of each spinal nerve is easily recognized by swelling of the

dorsal root ganglion

the ventral rami of most spinal nerves subdivide to form complex

plexuses

what does the dorsal rami do

supplies somatic motor and sensory fibers to several smaller nerves

what does the phrenic nerve do

innervates the diaphragm and thus directly regulates our breathing

mixed cranial nerves contain axons of

sensory and motor neurons

brachial plexus is found deep in the

shoulder

what nerve supplies the thigh and leg

femoral nerve

what is the largest nerve in the body

sciatic nerve

the somatic motor nervous system includes

all the voluntary motor pathways outside the CNS

somatic reflexes involve

contractions of the skeletal muscle

autonomic (visceral) reflexes involve contractions of

smooth and cardiac muscle or secretion from the glands

which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell

olfactory

the somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways ____ of the CNS

voluntary;outside

if the center of a reflex arc is the brain, the response it mediates is called a

cranial reflex

a reflex consists of either muscle con ration or a

glandular secretion

a subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effectors is the ____ nervous system

autonomic

axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters

norepinephine and ACTH

ACTS bind to ____ receptors

cholinergic

this is a subdiviosn of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effecter by efferent signals

autonomic nervous system

the major functions of the ANS are

regulate heartbeat, smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion to maintain homeostasis

the sympathetic division of the ANS prepares us for

physical activity, increases heart rate, bp, perspiration, body temp

sympathetic nervous system is sometimes named the

flight or fight system

parasympathetic division does what activities

digestion, defecation, urination
slows down heart rate and respiration

parasympathetic phase is sometimes called

rest and repair

the first neuron is called a

preganglionic neuron

what is the second neuron called

postganglionic neuron

axons that release norepinehphrine are called

adrenergic fibers

axons that release acetylcholine are called

cholinergic fibers

the major function of the sympathetic division is that it serves as a

emergency system

when an adequate stimulus acts on a receptor, a potential develops in the receptors membrane , it is called a

receptor potential

what receptor is located on or very near the surface of the body

exeteroceptors

exterroceptors detect

touch, pain, and temp

which receptor is located internally within our organs

interoceptors

interoceptors provide information about our

internal enviornment

a special kind of interoceptor found in skeletal muscle, joint capsules, and tendons

propriceptors

respond to stimuli that in some manner measure changes in pressure or internal environment, inform us of pressure on the skin, or pressure in muscles and legs

mechanoreceptors

are activated by the amount or changing concentration of certain chemicals, senses of taste and smell

chemoreceptors

activated by changes in temp

thermoreceptors

percieve intense stimuli, the overal sensation of pain

nociceptors

found in our eyes and respond to light stimuli in the visible spectrum

photoreceptors

concentated in the hypothalamus and sense levels of osmotic pressure in our body fluids, important for detecting electrolyte changes

osmoreceptors

serve as the primary sensory receptors for pain, heat ,cold, and various forms of touch

dendritic knobs

which type of receptor is found only in the eye

photorecpetor

discriminative touch is mediated by a flattened or disk shaped free nerve ending called a

tactile disk

egg shaped mechanoreceptors that are larger than tactile disks, they are located in or very close tot he dermal papillae of hairless skin areas, they pick up sensation of light touch

tactile corpuscles or meissner corpuscles

slow adapting receptors and permit the skin of the fingers to continuously remain sensitive to deep pressure, gives you ability to grasp and object

bulbous corpuscles

found in the deep dermis of the skin, especially hands and feet, they respond quickly to sensation of deep pressure, high frequency vibration, and stretch

lamellar corpuslces or pacini corpuscles

protects our muscles from tearing internally or from pulling away from their tendons at points of attachment to bone

tendon reflex

huge dome shaped bumps arranged in a row that cross the back of the tongue

circumvallate papillae

bumps with threadlike projections, scattered among the fungiform papillae

filiform papillae

what its he main function of the filiform papillae

determine food texture

the ear is divided into which three anatomical parts

external ear, middle ear, inner ear

visible part of the ear surrounding the opening of the external acoustic metus

auricle

the middle ear contains the three auditory ossicles called

malleus , incus , stapes

composed partly of bone and cartilage and fibrous tissue

inner ear, eustachian tube

the inner ear is also called the

labyrinth

the bony labyrinth has three parts

vestibule, cochlea, and semicricular canlas

the clear potassium rich fluid fills the labyrinth is

endolymph

tiny bones in the middle ear are the

ossicles

the sense organs involved in the sense of balance are found in the vestibule and the

semicircular canlas

dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the

crista ampullaris

what is the hearing sense organ

organ of corti

the tiny bones found in the middle ear are the

ossicles

the sense organs involved in the sense of balance are found in the vestibule and the

sermicircular canals

dynamic equlibrium depends on the functioning of the

crista ampullaris

the innermost coat of the eyeball is the

retina

cones are less numerous than rods and are densely concentrated in the

fovea centeralis

the substance that fills both chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye is the

aqueous humor

as people grow older they tend to become farsighted this condition is called

hyperopia

the lacrimal canals empty into the lacrimal sacs and open into an opening or

punctum

skeletal muscles that attach to the outside of the eyeball and to the bones of the orbit

extrinsic eye muscles

smooth muscle located within the eyes

intrinsic eye msucles

clear watery substance often leaks out when the eye is injured

aqueous humor

soft gelatin appearance, helps maintain enough internal pressure within the eye to prevent eye ball from collapsin

vitreous humor

what are the formed elements in blood

platelet, red blood cell, white bood cell

what is used to determine the volume percentage of the red blood cells in whole blood

hematocrit

erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as

adult stem cells

a glycoprotein that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissue is

erythorpoietin

what are the granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces this process is called

diapedesis

a decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called

leukopenia

platelets play an important in role in

blood clotting

what components are critical to coagulation

prothrobin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin

a natural constituent of blood acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessles

heparin

the physiological mechanism that dissolves in clots is known as

fibrinolysis

produces and secretes compounds called hormones that aid in controlling the bodes metabolic activities

endocrine system

are hormones produced and secreted and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. These hormones target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion

tropic hormones

target reproductive tissues and anabolic hormones stimulate anabolism in their target cells

sex hormones

manufactured from cholesterol a four ring lipid

steroid hormones

synthesized primarily from proteins, peptides and amino acids rather than from cholesterol

nonsteroid hormones

manufactured from cholesterol

steroid horomones

are synthesized primarily from proteins, peptides and amino acids that than from cholestol

nonsteroid hormones

are unique group of lipids that act as a local hormones

prostaglandins

prostaglandins contorl

bp, metabolism, bodily functions, cause uterine contractions

the master gland

pituituary gland

promotes body growth indirectly by stimulating the liver to produce certain growth factors

growth hormone(soatotropin)

vital to the production of milk after pregnancy

prolactin

promotes and maintains the growth and development of the thyroid gland

thyroid stimulating hormone

promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland

adrenocorticoptropic hormone

stimulates the follicles of the ovaries to grow and mature

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates the formation and activity of the corpus luteum of the ovary

luteinizing hormone

stimulate the growth and maintenance of the gonads

gonadotropins

controls thirst, hunger,fatigue, body temp

hypothalamus

carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary gland ,where the target cells of the different releasing hormones are located

hypophyseal portal system

serves as a storage release site for two important hormones ADH and Oxytocin

posterior pituitary gland

inhibits production of large amounts of urine

ADH

increases arterial bp

vasopressin

uncommon condition in which the pt produces abnormally lg amounts of urine because the kidneys are unable to conserve water

diabetes insipidus

oxytocin has two primary functions

stimulates contraction of uterine muscles during labor, causes milk ejection into the breast ducts of lacerating women

produces melatonin

pineal gland

stimulates T4 and T3

thyroid stimulating hormone

stimulates the metabolism of almost every body tissue

T3 and T4

acts on bone and kidney cells to increase the release of calcium into the blood

parathyroid hormone

located above the kidneys

adrenal glands

outer portion of gland,

adrenal cortex

inner portion of gland

adrenal medulla

regulate how mineral salts are processed in the body

mineralocorticoids

maintains the sodium homeostasis of the blood

aldosterone

functions of the glucocorticoids

accelerate breakdown of proteins into amino acids, energy source, maintaining normal bp, increases as part of stress response

sex hormones

gonadocorticoids

secretes two important hormones epinephrin and norepinephrine

adrenal medulla