The process of establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in a host is referred to as:

inflammation.

infection.

pathogen.

nosocomial.

infection

Malaria, bubonic plague, Lyme disease, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are examples of diseases that are spread by:

vectors.

vehicles.

droplet contamination.

fomites.

vectors

Immunity that is passed from mother to child in the mother’s milk is:

passive immunity.

acquired resistance.

natural resistance.

active immunity.

passive immunity.

Their morphology, genetic constitution, and biochemistry classify bacteria.

true

false

true

Which of the following is the most effective method for achieving medical asepsis?

Frequent hand washing

Having most employees in perfect health

Changing linen after every patient

Cleaning the radiographic table weekly

Frequent hand washing

The spread of infection via contaminated food referenced is spread by:

contact.

fomite.

air.

vector.

fomite

Lyme disease is a condition caused by bacteria carried by deer ticks. The tick bite may cause fever, fatigue, and other associated symptoms. This is an example of transmission of an infection by:

droplet contact.

a vehicle.

the airborne route.

a vector.

a vector.

The portal of entry describes the:

method by which the pathogen enters the body.

method by which the pathogen exits the body.

reservoir or place where the pathogen resides.

carrier of the pathogen.

method by which the pathogen enters the body.

The most important way to prevent the spread of infection is:

handwashing

wearing gloves

using a gown

using chemical disinfectants

handwashing

A person who acts as a reservoir of pathogenic organisms is referred to as a carrier. An example of a carrier is a:

friend who appears to be healthy and shows no signs of sickness.

family member who recently had a tooth removed.

co-worker who has the clinical symptoms of a cold.

young child who is “cutting teeth.”

co-worker who has the clinical symptoms of a cold.

Subcellular organisms that are among the smallest known disease-causing microorganisms are called:

rickettsiae.

bacteria.

viruses.

fungi.

viruses

The transport of microorganisms by means of contaminated food, water, drugs, or blood is referred to as a:

reservoir.

vehicle.

fomite.

vector.

vehicle

All of the following describe an exogenous mode of transmission except:

a mosquito, tick, or flea

a fomite, such as a cassette

normal flora, such as bacteria in the mouth

West Nile virus

normal flora, such as bacteria in the mouth

Contact precaution techniques require two health care providers.

true

false

true

Single-celled animals that are classified according to whether or not they are motile are called:

prions.

rickettsiae.

virions.

protozoa.

protozoa

Which of the following chemical methods of asepsis is applied topically?

bacteriostatic agent

disinfectant

antiseptic

bacteriostatic agent and disinfectant

bacteriostatic agent, disinfectant, and antiseptic

antiseptic

Fungi carry their own genetic information as either RNA or DNA.

true

false

false

Which of the following microorganisms is able to ingest food particles and may be equipped with a rudimentary digestive system?

virus

protozoa

bacteria

fungi

protozoa

Passive immunity is immunity that occurs as a result of:

intact skin and mucous membranes.

lysozyme in human tears.

an injection of preformed antibodies.

an infection with a specific organism.

an injection of preformed antibodies.

Which of the following is not considered a portal of entry for pathogenic organisms?

Mouth

Nose

Rectum

Wound

Rectum

Which of the following patients is most susceptible to a nosocomial infection?

adults

children

emergency department patients

immunocompromised individuals

immunocompromised individuals

Which of the following is involved in the cycle of infection?

1. Pathogen
2. Mode of transmission
3. Susceptible host

1 and 2 only

1 and 3 only

2 and 3 only

1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

By what method are pathogens spread when a person coughs or sneezes?

Vector

Vehicle

Direct contact

Droplet

Droplet

Any microorganism that causes disease is:

prokaryotic.

flora.

pathogenic.

iatrogenic.

pathogenic

Which of the following are involved in the body’s first line of defense against infection?

1. Intact skin and mucous membranes
2. Upper respiratory tract cilia
3. Inflammatory response

1 only

1 and 2 only

1 and 3 only

1, 2, and 3

1 and 2 only

The most important barrier to an individual propagating an infectious organism is which of the following?

an incubation period

quick access to antibiotics

the body’s immune defenses

entry to the cell wall

the body’s immune defenses

One type of microorganism is very difficult to treat medically because there are few effective medications and those are effective for only a limited number of organisms. This statement refers to:

bacteria.

viruses.

protozoa.

fungi.

viruses

All of the following are possible sources of nosocomial infection EXCEPT:

transfer of pathogenic microbes from a Foley catheter to a patient.

contamination of a surgical instrument in the surgical theater.

transfer of microbes through hand contact with a waitress in the coffee shop adjacent to the hospital.

placement of an unclean radiographic receptor against a patient wound during a portable examination.

transfer of microbes through hand contact with a waitress in the coffee shop adjacent to the hospital.

All of the following are related EXCEPT:

fungi.

protozoa.

viruses.

bacillus.

bacillus

The incubation period for all infectious diseases is 1 week.

true

false

false

M. tuberculosis, rubeola virus, and varicella virus are transmitted by:

direct contact.

vectors.

fomites.

airborne transmission.

airborne transmission.

Airborne precautions are used for which of the following?
patients with tuberculosis
direct contact with a patient’s dressings or bed rails
pathogenic organisms that remain in the air

patients with tuberculosis and pathogenic organisms that remain in the air

all of the choices are correct

patients with tuberculosis and pathogenic organisms that remain in the air

Which of the following are NOT microorganisms?

Bacteria

Viruses

Protozoa

Fomites

Fomites

Radiology departments use halogen chlorine and iodine as a bactericidal agent.

true

false

true

At the conclusion of an interventional radiographic examination, the examination room is cleaned and major components are wiped down with chemical disinfectants. By performing this important task the radiographer is practicing:

medical asepsis.

sterilization.

surgical asepsis.

fomite asepsis.

medical asepsis.

Bacteria have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT they:

are eukaryotic organisms.

have the ability to produce endospores.

are single-cell organisms.

may live on a host in a colony form.

are eukaryotic organisms.

A disease spread by kissing is being transmitted by which of the following methods?

Direct contact

Vector

Droplet

Vehicle

Direct contact

Two blood-borne pathogens of particular importance to hospital personnel are:

pneumonia and tuberculosis.

hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV.

papillomavirus and rhinovirus.

Clostridium and Bacillus.

hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV.

An example of an endogenous mode of transmission is acquiring a staphylococcal infection after a finger cut.

true

false

true

A nosocomial infection is an:

infection acquired at a large gathering.

upper respiratory infection.

infection acquired in a hospital.

infection obtained through a physician’s physical examination

infection acquired in a hospital.

Pathogenic organisms have the ability to:

cause cellular and tissue damage.

replicate and cause blockages to the flow of fluids and gases

secrete endotoxins.

all of the listed choices are correct.

all of the listed choices are correct.

When a disease is spread by an insect depositing the pathogen on or in a human, it is transmitted by what method?

Vector

Vehicle

Direct contact

Fomite

Vector

All of the following are viral infections EXCEPT:

cold sores.

tinea pedis.

common cold.

warts.

tinea pedis.

Which of the following describes sources of nosocomial infections?

improperly sterilized surgical equipment

dirty radiographic tables and cassettes

contaminated urinary (Foley) catheters

dirty radiographic tables and cassettes and contaminated urinary (Foley) catheters

all of the listed choices are correct

all of the listed choices are correct

Hydrogen peroxide is used in which of the following ways?

in deep wounds

in conjunction with iodine

to clean radiology tables

to sterilize electronics

in deep wounds

Any warm, moist place, such as the human body, where microorganisms can grow and reproduce is called a:

portal of entry.

susceptible host.

reservoir of infection.

carrier of the pathogen.

reservoir of infection.

Microorganisms that need a host to reproduce and are unresponsive to antibiotics are called:

bacteria

fungi

protozoa

viruses

viruses

Properties of pathogens that distinguish them from normal flora are called:

virulence factors.

endospores.

capsids.

vectors.

virulence factors.

All of the following statements describe the use of standard precautions except:

washing hands before and after touching body fluids

wearing gloves and gowns

using precautions only for patients from the emergency department

never recapping used needles

using precautions only for patients from the emergency department

Which of the following terms describes the complete destruction or elimination of all living microorganisms?

medical asepsis

sterilization

vaccine

asepsis

sterilization

Once an organism is infected and by the time symptoms of the infectious process manifest, several steps have taken place. These steps consist of:
1. multiplication and spread.
2. encounter and entry.
3. host.
4. damage.
5. reservoir.
6. fomite.
7. outcome.

1, 2, 3, and 4 only

2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 only

3 and 6 only

1, 2, 4, and 7 only

1, 2, 4, and 7 only

Biosafety in the medical imaging department includes:

washing hands before and after an interventional procedure.

wearing gloves while handling an emesis basin with vomitus.

using a resuscitation mask or bag during CPR.

all of the listed choices are included.

all of the listed choices are included.

Hepatitis B is an example of a virus transmitted as a blood-borne pathogen.

true

false

true

All of the following are effective methods of sterilization EXCEPT:

chemical agents.

moist or dry heat.

ultraviolet radiation.

hand washing.

hand washing.

A spirochete is an example of a:

virus.

fungus.

bacterium.

prion.

bacterium

Which microorganisms are classified according to their shape and a staining process?

Bacteria

Fungi

Rickettsiae

Protozoa

Bacteria

When an infection causes the body to produce an inflammatory response, white blood cells engulf microorganisms in a process called:

phagocytosis.

endospore production.

vehicle transmission.

enveloped viruses.

phagocytosis

Streptococci and bacilli are classified as what type of microorganisms?

Viruses

Bacteria

Fungi

Molds

Bacteria

Nosocomial infections are those that are contracted:

from contaminated water.

from an occupational environment.

within a hospital.

with poor hygiene.

within a hospital.

In a hospital setting, constant awareness is given to the simple fact that patients come to the hospital because they are sick and vulnerable to disease. With the current system of medical care, by the time patients come to the hospital setting for care, they are sicker than ever in the past. The most common nosocomial infection seen in hospital patients is:

common colds picked up on contaminated x-ray equipment.

urinary tract infections from Foley catheter insertions.

hepatitis B infection from contaminated needles.

staphylococcal infection from labor and delivery.

urinary tract infections from Foley catheter insertions.

A few days after a stereotactic breast biopsy performed by a radiologist in a breast imaging center the patient returns to her physician with an obvious infection at the incision site. This would be an example of a(n):

infection caused by patient neglect.

idiopathic infection.

nosocomial infection.

iatrogenic infection.

iatrogenic infection.

Standard precautions are used to protect the patient only.

true

false

false

Chemical substances capable of killing pathologic microbes are termed:

disinfectants.

antiseptics.

bactericidal.

bacteriostatic.

bactericidal

Which precaution(s) is/are used when pathogens are disseminated by means of large particulate droplets expelled from the patient?

contact precautions

droplet precautions

airborne precautions

all of the above

droplet precautions

The chain of infection consists of:

fomite, vector, reservoir, breachment.

bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi.

host, infectious microbe, mode of transmission, reservoir.

encounter, entry, spread, multiplication, outcome.

host, infectious microbe, mode of transmission, reservoir.

A pathogen that requires contact precautions is:

MRSA.

tuberculosis.

rubeola.

rhinovirus.

MRSA.

A physician can cause an iatrogenic infection.

true

false

true

The single greatest measure that can be done to prevent the spread of infection is:

proper discarding of all refuse in sharps containers.

proper hand-washing technique.

proper disinfection of radiographic cassettes.

employing gloves when disinfecting equipment with pressure washing.

proper hand-washing technique.

HIV and syphilis are examples of infections that are spread by means of:

droplet contamination.

airborne contamination.

vectors.

direct contact.

direct contact.

These microorganisms occur as yeasts or molds and can infect the skin, nail beds, and scalp.

Protozoa

Fungi

Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi

The portal of exit describes the:

method by which the pathogen enters the body.

method by which the pathogen exits the body.

reservoir or place where the pathogen resides.

carrier of the pathogen.

method by which the pathogen exits the body.

Handwashing falls into which category of asepsis?

sterilization

medical asepsis

surgical asepsis

sterilization and surgical asepsis

medical asepsis

An animal or a plant that harbors or nourishes another organism is called:

a fomite

a host

pathogenic

iatrogenic

a host

Which of the following is not a method of sterilization?

Autoclaving

Moist heat

Steam under pressure

Hand washing

Hand washing

When you and a colleague perform a portable chest radiograph on a patient with contact precautions, it would be appropriate to:
1. place the cassette in a protective bag before exposure and dispose of the bag properly after exposure.
2. wash your hands only after the examination has been completed.
3. remove jewelry and place it in a safe place.
4. put on a clean mask, clean gloves, and clean gown (your assistants need not do so as they are not going to touch the patient); put on a lead apron outside of the clean gown.
5. greet the patient professionally and explain what you are going to do.
6. have your assistant position the receptor behind the patient.
7. after exposure, remove the gown, mask, and gloves and discard them when you return to radiology.

1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 only

1, 3, and 5 only

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 only

2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 only

1, 3, and 5 only

Medical asepsis reduces the number of infectious agents to zero by means of sterilization.

true

false

false