Mobility muscles differ from stability muscles in that:

mobility muscles provide postural support.

stability muscles are located in the knees and ankles.

mobility muscles are located in the arms and legs.

stability muscles are involved in digestion and body homeostasis.

mobility muscles are located in the arms and legs.

When lifting a patient, why would you stand with your feet apart?

to increase the base of support

to make the patient more comfortable

to lower the center of gravity

to use the mobility muscles

to increase the base of support

All of the following are true of the Pigg-O-Stat infant immobilizer EXCEPT:

its design provides for lead protection over the child’s gonads.

the patient can be rotated 360 degrees for various oblique projections.

it can be used for supine abdominal studies of the child.

it is made of contour-shaped, clear acrylic restraining forms.

it can be used for supine abdominal studies of the child.

Toward which side should all transfers be initiated?

patient’s strong side

patient’s weak side

right

left

patient’s strong side

Which of the following statements represents proper protocol for transferring a patient from a wheelchair to a table (the patient is able to stand but cannot walk)?

The radiographer helps the patient into a standing position and then stands behind the wheelchair to prevent it from moving while the patient reaches for the table.

The radiographer stands beside the patient with one arm around the patient’s waist and the other arm grasping the patient’s opposite forearm.

The radiographer positions the wheelchair at a 45-degree angle so that the patient’s stronger side is closer to the table.

The radiographer solicits help from another radiographer and performs a two-person lift from the wheelchair.

The radiographer positions the wheelchair at a 45-degree angle so that the patient’s stronger side is closer to the table.

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, one of the most common work-related injuries resulting in lost work time and disability is:

torn knee meniscus.

back injury.

carpal tunnel syndrome.

torn rotator cuff injury.

back injury.

Which of the following immobilization devices is used for a lateral chest film on a nonambulatory patient?

Velcro straps

sheet restraint

sandbags

positioning sponge

Velcro straps

Positioning sponges are the most commonly used immobilization devices.

true

false

true

Which of the following statements describes the narrowest base of support?

standing with the legs 3 feet apart

standing with the feet right next to each other

standing with the legs 1 foot apart

standing on one foot

standing on one foot

Which of the following wheelchair transfers is used for non-weight bearing?

assisted standing pivot

standby assist

two-person lift

two-person lift

What is meant by the statement, “To stand tall in pediatric radiology, you have to get down on your knees”?

Radiographers need to explain the procedures to the parents.

Communication with the patient is best accomplished at eye level.

Children are too short to have erect chest films taken.

Communication with the patient is best accomplished at eye level.

A sudden drop in a patient’s blood pressure caused by standing or sitting upright is called:

hypertension.

orthostatic hypotension.

postural emesis.

anemia.

orthostatic hypotension.

Which of the following cart transfers has the greatest potential for back strain in the radiographer?

maxi-transfer

drawsheet

polyester sheet

maxi-slide

drawsheet

The Pigg-O-Stat is an immobilization device used for which examination?

skull

upper extremity

chest

pelvis

chest

When immobilizing neonates and young infants:

using a sheet for mummification can prove to be very effective.

patient motion is generally not a concern, as the infant is typically sleeping.

communication with the patient is vitally important.

having a fellow radiographer hold the patient should be your first strategy.

using a sheet for mummification can prove to be very effective.

Why is it necessary to place sandbags by the wheels on a cart?

The wheels of a cart have no locks.

To prevent the cart from moving.

The locks are not functional on carts.

none of the above

To prevent the cart from moving.

As you enter a patient’s room to perform a portable examination you notice the patient sleeping on her side with one leg over the other with the knees bent. This patient is in the _____ position.

Fowler’s

supine

Sims’

None of the above is correct.

Sims’

The center of gravity for a standing patient is:

at approximately the second sacral segment

at the center of the diaphragm

near the umbilicus

at the level of the second lumbar vertebra

at approximately the second sacral segment

When is removing a cervical collar permissible?

after a paramedic reads the radiograph and approves removal

before the initial radiographic examination

after a radiographer makes the exposure

after the physician has reviewed the images and determined it is safe

after the physician has reviewed the images and determined it is safe

Wheelchair wheels should be locked for all transfers.

true

false

true

All of the following statements refer to Velcro strap restraints except:

They reduce physical strain on the patient from holding a position.

They easily attach to the radiographic table.

They adjust to any size patient.

They can adjust to any part of the body.

They reduce physical strain on the patient from holding a position.

If a patient cannot assist with a cart-to-table transfer:

a draw sheet or transfer assist device should be used.

ask one other colleague to help you do the lifting.

disregard the transfer and do a portable examination with the patient on the cart.

none of the above are appropriate.

a draw sheet or transfer assist device should be used.

All of the following are related EXCEPT:

assisted standing pivot.

hydraulic lift.

standby assist.

log roll assist.

log roll assist.

When radiographing a patient with severe abdominal trauma and possible hemorrhagic shock, it is important to:

slowly remove the air in the antishock garment to decrease its radiolucency.

remove the patient’s trousers to prevent artifacts.

radiograph the patient through the antishock garment the patient is wearing.

add air to the antishock garment if you feel it has leaked out.

radiograph the patient through the antishock garment the patient is wearing.

The technique of wrapping a patient in a sheet:

is appropriate for young adults and teenagers.

should be used only with parental approval.

is appropriate for a child who can cooperate and understand your instructions.

is known as mummification.

is known as mummification.

A key component to effective communication with a patient is

establishing rapport

giving a detailed, technical explanation of the examination

assessing the patient’s physical condition

introducing the patient to the radiologist

establishing rapport

Which of the following might be used to immobilize a patient for an upright lateral chest radiograph?

Velcro straps

sandbags

positioning sponge

head clamps

Velcro straps

When obtaining cervical spine images on a patient with a cervical collar, complete:

the AP projection and then remove the collar.

the lateral projection and then remove the collar.

all spine projections with the collar removed and replaced with a head clamp.

all projections with the cervical collar in place.

all projections with the cervical collar in place.

Traction splints should be removed for radiographic procedures.

true

false

false

Which of the following immobilization devices is/are useful for pediatric imaging?

Pigg-O-Stat

Octastop board

sheet restraint

a and b

all of the above

all of the above

What causes patients to feel lightheaded, queasy, or faint when they stand up quickly from a sitting or supine position?
increased body temperature
increased respiration from the effort of standing
decreased blood pressure
increased pulse rate

decreased blood pressure

When moving a patient to or from a stretcher:

prop a wheelchair against the end of the cart.

have the patient hold the stretcher from moving.

protect the stretcher with woolen blankets.

lock the stretcher securely against the examination table.

lock the stretcher securely against the examination table.

For efficient and safe patient transfers and handling, the imaging professional should:

narrow the stance and stand on tiptoes for flexibility.

keep the knees straight and taut and lift from the shoulders.

use mobility muscles for posture.

use red postural muscles for support.

use red postural muscles for support.

What is the minimum number of persons to use for a cart-to-table transfer when no moving devices are available?

three

four

one

two

three

When performing a lumbar spine series on an elderly patient:

move very quickly and deliberately from one position to the next to expedite the examination.

allow the patient to bend hips and knees between exposures to lessen back strain.

provide a warm blanket for comfort, and remove it for each exposure.

remove the radiolucent table pad to improve image quality.

allow the patient to bend hips and knees between exposures to lessen back strain.

Stability muscles are found in the extremities.

false

true

false

You have received a patient from the nursing floor who needs to be transferred by way of a hydraulic lift. The patient arrives to medical imaging on a cart without a transfer sling. To proceed with a safe lift you should:

roll the patient over onto a transfer sling.

set the patient up in a transfer sling.

improvise using a sheet as a transfer sling.

call the nursing floor and return the patient to be placed on a sling.

call the nursing floor and return the patient to be placed on a sling.

Which of the following statements applies to all types of wheelchair transfers?

transfer toward the weak side

hold the patient’s center of gravity away from the lifter’s center of gravity

fully lift all patients

transfer toward the strong side

transfer toward the strong side

What is the most commonly used immobilization device?

Velcro straps

positioning sponge

cervical collar

sheet restraint

positioning sponge

The Octostop immobilization device is used:

for upright imaging studies only.

on adults.

in conjunction with infant mummification.

on infants and children younger than 1 year.

on infants and children younger than 1 year.

If a moving device is not readily available, the patient can be transferred to a table by using a drawsheet.

false

true

true

When moving a patient from a cart to the radiographic table, it would be appropriate to:

ask the patient how much they can help with the transfer.

wrap the patient up in a sheet and roll him or her over completely.

allow the patient to safely help with the transfer as much as he or she is able.

do both a and c.

do both a and c.

Tape, Velcro restraints, and Plexiglas all can be useful immobilization devices.

true

false

true

Which of the following immobilization devices is used to help keep the patient from falling off the table?

head clamps

sandbags

positioning sponges

Velcro restraints

Velcro restraints

In which of the following circumstances should a moving device be used to transfer a patient from a cart to a radiography table?

patients suffering from orthostatic hypotension

any patient brought to radiography on a cart

patients who are unable to assist in the move

all emergency department patients who have been injured

patients who are unable to assist in the move

The purpose of the cervical collar is to:

immobilize the entire vertebral column

place traction on the spine to prevent movement

prevent hemorrhaging of carotid arteries

reduce the possibility of aspiration

place traction on the spine to prevent movement

To achieve extreme dorsiflexion of the ankle, the most effective immobilization method employs the use of:

sandbags.

Velcro straps.

a draw sheet.

tape.

Velcro straps.

Why does orthostatic hypotension occur in patients who have been in bed for long periods?

Lack of dietary nutrients results in a lack of energy.

The patient sits up and becomes anxious, resulting in a drop in blood pressure.

Increased elasticity of blood vessels results in an increase of CO2 leads.

A decrease in vasomotor tone in blood vessels results in a decrease in oxygen to the brain.

A decrease in vasomotor tone in blood vessels results in a decrease in oxygen to the brain.

When assessing the wheelchair patient for transfer, it is important to:

determine the patient’s abilities by talking to the person

ask the family for guidance

suggest that filming be done in the wheelchair

tell the patient how you plan to do the lift

determine the patient’s abilities by talking to the person

How can the severity of orthostatic hypotension be minimized?

by moving slowly

by standing quickly

by remaining flat

none of the above

by moving slowly

Proper immobilization can reduce the need for repeat radiographs and increase radiation exposure.

true

false

false

Which of the following immobilization devices is radiopaque?

spine boards

air splints

sponges

sandbags

sandbags

When using a sheet to “mummify” an infant, the sheet should first be formed into a:

triangle.

rectangle.

square.

rectangle the size of pillowcase.

triangle

The most important communication that occurs in a radiology department takes place between the radiographer and the

administrator

patient

radiologist

student

patient

For which type of patient is it appropriate to use a hydraulic lift?

obese patient

elderly patient

trauma patient

surgical patient

obese patient

Which of the following body parts does a backboard immobilize?

the thoracic spine

the lower extremities

the pelvis

all of the above

all of the above

When transferring patients for medical imaging procedures, communication is an essential component of a safe and efficient transfer. Which of the following is not a recommended communication strategy to achieve a safe transfer?

Ask the patient if he or she has been moved recently, and how the experience went.

During the transfer, try and stay quiet so as not to alarm the patient.

Call the nursing floor to learn of the patient’s mobility.

Ask the patient how much he or she can assist with the movement.

During the transfer, try and stay quiet so as not to alarm the patient.

Which of the following is an example of a spinal trauma immobilization device?

traction splint

antishock garment

air splint

backboard

backboard

When performing a two-person lift of a patient from a wheelchair, it is important to:

lift the patient with his or her knees bent.

ask the patient to put his or her arms up over his or her head.

lift the patient as a unit, with his or her arms crossed and legs straight.

bend over from the back and lift the patient’s legs with your partner.

lift the patient as a unit, with his or her arms crossed and legs straight.

Patient immobilization is a critical part of achieving optimum image quality. Even the smallest, undetectable involuntary motion can degrade the final image. Effective methods to reduce the amount of patient motion include:

explaining how important it is to hold still during the exposure so that a good image can be obtained.

giving clear, concise instructions to the patient before the exposure.

assessing the amount of patient cooperation you can expect and making adjustments in immobilization.

all of the above.

all of the above.

Which of the following cart transfer devices requires lifting rather than sliding of the patient?
polyester sheet
maxi-slide
maxi-transfer
drawsheet

drawsheet

What term describes the hypothetical point around which all mass appears to be concentrated?
a and b
base of support
center of gravity
orthostatic hypotension

center of gravity

What is the difference between an air splint and a traction splint used on the lower leg?

A traction splint prevents hemorrhaging.

An air splint is radiopaque.

An air splint provides stability.

A traction splint is radiolucent.

An air splint provides stability.

Effective techniques to use when radiographing children include:

standing up over the child to show your compassion.

communicating with the parents exclusively and letting them work with their child.

asking a security officer to be in the room to show your authority.

getting down to eye level with the child and establishing rapport.

getting down to eye level with the child and establishing rapport.

Which of the following items is used to transfer patients from a cart to a table?

maxi-slide

drawsheet

thin sheets of plastic

a and c

all of the above

all of the above

After successfully completing a safe hydraulic lift of a large patient, the imaging professional should:

remove the transfer sling and send it to laundry for cleaning.

keep the patient in the hydraulic lift and return him or her to the floor.

return the patient in a wheelchair with the transfer sling under the patient.

return the patient to the floor on a cart with the sling draped alongside the cart.

return the patient in a wheelchair with the transfer sling under the patient.

For which of the following fractures would traction splints be used?

humerus

radius

shoulder

femur

femur

Head clamps help immobilize the head and cervical spine.

true

false

false

Where is the human center of gravity located?

within 1 to 2 inches of the umbilicus

midway between the hip joints

at the center of the diaphragm

at approximately sacral level two

at approximately sacral level two

The purpose of inflatable trousers is to:

place traction on the lower limbs

slow the rate of hemorrhage

immobilize a fractured femur

provide support for the entire body

slow the rate of hemorrhage

Orthostatic hypotension results from which of the following?

earlier trauma to the spinal cord

being in bed for long periods

being in an automobile accident

transferring from a wheelchair to a table

being in bed for long periods

By asking a patient what his or her moving capabilities are, the radiographer provides only the assistance needed to move the patient comfortably.

false

true

true

Which of the following types of wheelchair transfers requires minimal assistance by the radiographer?

assisted standing pivot

standby assist

hydraulic lift

two-person lift

standby assist

An effective way to reduce motion is to:

place sandbags over the affected side

communicate with the patient

increase the exposure time

decrease the SID

communicate with the patient

The purpose of a patient transfer is to:

make arrangements for the patient to be moved to another nursing unit.

safely move a patient from one area to another.

make delivery arrangements for the patient's personal belongings.

provide for the patient's hospital bill to be deducted from his or her banking institution.

safely move a patient from one area to another.

When using sandbags as immobilization devices:

refill any sand that leaks out of the bag before the examination begins.

make a note for the radiologist, as the sandbag is radiopaque and may leave an artifact.

place the sandbag over the area of interest, so the radiologist knows you used one.

do both b and c.

make a note for the radiologist, as the sandbag is radiopaque and may leave an artifact.

If a patient arrives in a wheelchair and on a sling, which type of transfer is indicated?

cart to table by means of a moving device

hydraulic lift

standby assist

pivot

hydraulic lift

The ideal patient immobilization device would be:

made of radiopaque materials.

expensive and flexible in application for positioning.

radiolucent, durable, and easy to use for the radiographer.

elaborate in design and disposable.

radiolucent, durable, and easy to use for the radiographer.

Which of the following is the foundation on which a body rests?

biomechanics

base of support

center of gravity

orthostatic hypotension

base of support

Voluntary motion is under the control of the

technologist

student

radiologist

patient

patient

What term is used to describe the drop in blood pressure some patients experience when they stand up quickly?

a and b

center of gravity

orthostatic hypotension

base of support

orthostatic hypotension

Which of the following pathologic conditions requires special handling?

pelvic girdle fractures

painful inflamed joints

debilitated condition

a and c

all of the above

all of the above

All of the following are examples of simple immobilization techniques EXCEPT:

using a Velcro strap to stabilize the anatomy.

using a positioning sponge.

wrapping a child in a sheet (mummy wrap).

laying a sandbag across the patient’s anatomy.

wrapping a child in a sheet (mummy wrap).

Transfers should be arranged so that which side of the patient is next to the table?

stronger side

weaker side

right side

left side

stronger side

An inflatable air splint is used under what circumstances?

Severe head trauma

Newborn infant AP chest radiography

Lower extremity trauma

Spinal injury

Lower extremity trauma

How can the base of support be increased?

standing with the legs far apart

bending the knees with the feet together

standing on one foot

standing on one toe

standing with the legs far apart

When lifting patients it is important to:

avoid using a transfer belt, in order to prevent abdominal cramping.

lift with your back and save your leg strength.

keep your back stationary and lift with your legs.

twist at the waist to improve your center of gravity.

keep your back stationary and lift with your legs.

Which branch of science applies the laws of physics, specifically the action of forces on bodies at rest or in motion?

gerontology

microbiology

biomechanics

base of support

biomechanics

The ideal way to perform a transfer is to:

make the patient work harder than he or she can

assume that the patient cannot assist

ask the nursing staff for suggestions

allow the patient to do as much work as possible

allow the patient to do as much work as possible

One of the greatest fears of a geriatric patient is

having to lie on a radiolucent pad

falling

getting lost on the way to the radiology department

being unable to hear the radiographer

falling

The person lifting the torso will grab what part of the patient to lift the person?

transfer belt

crossed forearms

proximal humerus

all of the above

crossed forearms

Why are Velcro straps used for the axial projection of the calcaneus?

They assist the patient in dorsiflexing the foot.

They reduce foot motion.

They protect the patient from falling.

They support the ankle, preventing further injury.

They assist the patient in dorsiflexing the foot.

A basic principle of lifting states that the patient should never assist in the move.

false

true

false

You have received an examination request for a pediatric wrist and hand. The examination history states that the child caught her hand in a fan. The child’s hand shows soft tissue swelling but no cuts or abrasions. The patient is brought to you with the mother who is quite distraught and upset over her child’s injury. As you proceed to image the daughter, how would you effectively handle the parent in this situation?

Refer to departmental policy on parents in the examination room, and use your best experience to deal with the mother, which may include having her leave the room as you do the examination.

Ask the mother to hold the child if the child appears to be moving.

Inform the mother that her crying is not helping with the examination.

Delay the examination until the mother has regained her composure.

Refer to departmental policy on parents in the examination room, and use your best experience to deal with the mother, which may include having her leave the room as you do the examination.

In a two-person lift, who should lift the torso?

the stronger person

the weaker person

the nurse

a family member

the stronger person

When tape is used as an immobilization tool with an infant:

use liberal amounts of tape to hold the infant tightly.

place the tape with the adhesive side in touch with the infant's skin to hold better.

wrap the tape around the patient tightly to create an awareness of the importance of radiation protection.

twist the tape so the nonadhesive side is against the infant’s skin.

twist the tape so the nonadhesive side is against the infant’s skin.

Spine boards or backboards are used only for patients with spinal injuries.

true

false

false

When transferring a patient from a wheelchair to a radiographic table:

allow the patient to help with the transfer if it is safe and he or she is capable of doing so.

break the transfer into a series of simultaneous movements and commands.

position the wheelchair at a 90-degree angle to the table.

do not let the patient do any weight-bearing movements.

allow the patient to help with the transfer if it is safe and he or she is capable of doing so.

When positioning a patient in a rolling motion transfer:

ask the patient which way he or she wants to be rolled.

always move the patient toward you.

roll the patient toward his or her weak side.

never roll a patient, as it creates postural hypotension.

always move the patient toward you.

A sandbag cannot be placed directly over the injured site for which of the following reasons?

because it reduces radiographic density

because it is radiolucent

because it reduces physical strain

because it is radiopaque

because it is radiopaque

Which of the following statements describes the advantage(s) of using a spine board?

It can be used to lift the entire patient onto the radiographic table.

It is radiolucent, therefore the entire body can be radiographed through the board.

It places traction on the cervical spine to prevent further movement.

a and b

all of the above

a and b

For a patient with internal bleeding of the abdomen and unstable vital signs, paramedics will apply which of the following immobilization devices?

traction splints

a cervical collar

inflatable trousers

an air splint

inflatable trousers

A transfer belt can be used to transfer a patient safely and effectively.

false

true

true

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

When working with cardiac patients it is safe to let them help you until they become exhausted.

Keep your feet very wide apart and your back arched when lifting.

When lifting a stack of heavy grid cassettes from the floor to a counter, it is advisable to use your arm muscles because they are stronger than those of the thigh.

When lifting someone or something, stand as close as possible to whatever you’re lifting.

When lifting someone or something, stand as close as possible to whatever you’re lifting.

All of the following radiography procedures can involve the use of positioning sponges except procedures for the:

PA chest

oblique lumbar spine

lateral finger

lateral hand

PA chest

As you raise a cardiac patient from a supine position on the radiographic table:

continually communicate with the patient to check his or her status.

you must look for signs of orthostatic hypotension.

raise the patient slowly and steadily.

do all of the above.

do all of the above.

Establishing a rapport with a patient contributes greatly to a successful immobilization exercise. To establish patient rapport, the imaging professional should:

pull out all your immobilization tools in front of the patient to show you know what you’re doing.

tell the patient you need to hurry to get the examination done.

gently tell the patient what you need to accomplish and how you would like to move forward with the examination.

ask for two or three other technologists to come into the room as you begin the positioning.

gently tell the patient what you need to accomplish and how you would like to move forward with the examination.

Which immobilization device is radiopaque?

sandbag

cervical collar

none of them

all of them

sponge

none of them

Which of the following transfers can be used to move a patient from a wheelchair to an examination table?

standby assist

pivot

all of the above

assisted standing

all of the above

Patient immobilization methods contribute significantly to a patient’s x-ray exposure. The desirable features of an immobilization device, from a radiation protection standpoint, would be:

a lead shield built into the device design.

made from radiolucent materials to lessen exposure and artifacts.

a reliable device that results in no repeat images from movement.

all of the above.

all of the above.

All of the following statements apply to an assisted standing pivot wheelchair transfer except:

The patient pushes down on the arms of the chair to assist in rising.

The patient pivots toward the table until he or she feels the table on the back of the thighs.

The person doing the transfer stands behind the patient.

As the patient rises, the person doing the transfer also rises and straightens the knees.

The person doing the transfer stands behind the patient.

A patient arrives at medical imaging for a skull series after being hit in the head by a softball. The patient comes to you with a cervical collar, but it is apparent that the collar may not be needed as the patient is turning his head to converse with you as the examination starts. A professional imaging technologist would:

immobilize the patient’s head and then remove the cervical collar so it’s not in the image.

call the ER nurse and ask her to remove the cervical collar.

remove the cervical collar because it appears to be unnecessary.

complete the skull images with the collar in place using the positioning flexibility of your equipment.

complete the skull images with the collar in place using the positioning flexibility of your equipment.

All of the following are true of good lifting mechanics EXCEPT:

stand with your feet far apart to broaden your base of support.

do most of the lifting with your legs and keep your back stationary.

extend your reach beyond the center of gravity to broaden your arm coverage.

ensure your center of gravity is over your base of support.

extend your reach beyond the center of gravity to broaden your arm coverage.

When immobilization techniques are used, which radiographic factor is being controlled?

contrast

distortion

motion

density

motion

Which of the following statements is true about immobilization devices applied to trauma patients?

They can be removed by the emergency department nurse before initial filming.

They must be removed before the initial radiographic procedures.

They must be left in place during initial filming.

They can be removed if the area of injury is unstable.

They must be left in place during initial filming.