The two basic tissues of which the skin is composed are dense connective tissue, which makes up the dermis, and __1__, which forms the epidermis.
Most cells of the epidermis are __2__. The protein __3__ makes the dermis tough and leather like. The specialized cells that produce the pigments that
contribute to skin color are called __4__.

1. stratified squamous epithelium
2. Keratinocytes
3. Keratin
4. Melanocytes

Four protective functions of the skin are?

1. prevents desiccation
2. prevents bacterial invasion
3. protects against thermal damage
4. protects against UV radiation.

translucent cells in thick skin containing keratin fibrils

stratum lucidum

dead cells

stratum corneum and stratum lucidum

dermal layer responsible for finger prints

papilliary layer

vascular region

dermis as a whole

major skin area that produces derivatives(nails and hair)

epidermis as a whole

epidermal area exhibiting the most rapid cell division

stratum basale

scalelike dead cells, full of keratin, constantly slough off

stratum corneum

mitotic cells filled with intermediate filaments

stratum spinosum

has abundant elastic and collagenic fibers

dermis as a whole

location of melanocytes and tactile (merkle) cells

stratum basale

area where weblike pre-keratin filaments first appear

stratum spinosum

region of areolar connective tissue

papillary layer

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_____________ granules extruded from the keratinocytes prevent water loss by diffusion through the epidermis

laminated

fibers in the dermis are produced by ______________.

fibroblasts

glands that respond to rising androgen levels are the ____________________ glands.

sebaceous and apocrine glands

phagocytic cells that occupy the epidermis are called _____________________________.

epidermal dendritic or langerhans cells

a unique touch receptor formed from a stratum basale cell and a nerve fiber is a __________________.

tactile or Merkel disc

What layer is present in the thick skin but not in thin skin?

stratum lucidum

What cell-to-cell structure holds the cells of the stratum spinosum tightly together?

desmosomes

What substance is manufactured in the skin that plays a role in calcium absorption elsewhere in the body?

vitamin D3

List the sensory receptors found in the dermis of the skin:

free nerve endings for pain, temperature, messiners corpuscles for touch in the hairless skin, pacinian corpuscles for pressure

A nurse tells a doctor that a patient is cyanotic. Define cyanotic.

A blue cast to the skin

What does cyanotic presence imply?

Inadequate oxygenation of the blood

What is a bedsore (decubitus ulcer)?

localized area of tissue necrosis and death

Why do ulcers occur?

pressure areas point of increased pressure over bony areas restrict the blood supply to the area

Produces an accumulation of oily material that is known as a blackhead

sebaceous glands

Tiny muscles, attached to hair folicles, that pull the hair upright during fright or cold

arrector pili

Perspiration glands with a role in temperature control

sweat gland---eccrine

Sheath formed of both epithelial and connective tissues

hair follicle

Less numerous type of perspiration-prouducing gland; found mainly in the pubic and axillary regions

sweat gland--apocrine

Found everywhere on the body except the palms of hands and soles of the feet

sebaceous glands

Primarily dead/keratinized cells

nail and hair

Specialized nerve ending that respond to temperature, touch, etc.

cutaneous receptors

Secretes a lubricant for hair and skin

sebaceous glands

"sports" a lunule and cuticle

nail

Describe two integumentary system mechanisms that help in regulating body temperature:

1. When capillary blood dlow to the skin and enhanced by nervous system controls, heat radiates from the skin surface; restriction of blood flow conserves body heat.
2. Activity of sweat glands i.e., when perspiration evaporates from the skin surface, heat is lost.

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With what substance in the bond paper does the iodine painted on the skin react?

The starch

Based on class data, which skin area--the forearm or palm of hand--has more sweat glands?

Palm

Which other body areas would if tested prove to have a high density of sweat glands?

Face and Axillae

What organ system controls the activity of the eccrine sweat glands?

Nervous system

Why can fignerprints be used to identify individuals?

The pattern of your epidermal ridges is unique and does not change during your lifetime. Everyones fingerprint was made different, therefore this is a useful way for people to identify one another.

Name the three common fingerprint patterns:

Loops, Arches and Whorls