1. The case of Lochner v. New York represented a setback for progressives and labor advocates because in its
ruling, the Supreme Court
a. declared a law limiting work to ten hours a day unconstitutional.
b. declared unconstitutional a law providing special protection for women workers.
c. declared that prohibiting child labor would require a constitutional amendment.
d. upheld the constitutionality of a law enabling business to fire labor organizers.
e. None of these choices are correct.

a

2. During his presidency, Teddy Roosevelt did all of the following EXCEPT
a. expand presidential power.
b. shape the progressive movement.
c. aid the cause of the environment.
d. make the federal government a neutral force between business and labor.
e. substantially weaken corporate capitalism.

e

3. Activists in the anti-liquor campaigns saw saloons and alcohol as intimately linked with
a. prostitution.
b. drunken voters.
c. crooked city officials, paid off by liquor companies.
d. corrupt political bosses.
e. All of these choices are correct.

e

4. The leading progressive organization advocating prohibition of liquor was
a. the National Consumers League.
b. the Sierra Club.
c. the General Federation of Women's Clubs.
d. the Women's Peace Party.
e. the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

e

5. While president, Theodore Roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the
a. Fair Deal.
b. Big Deal.
c. Big Stick.
d. New Deal.
e. Square Deal.

e

6. By 1910, all of the following were true about women's efforts to gain the vote EXCEPT
a. progressives supported the movement.
b. reformers embraced votes for women as a way to elevate the political tone.
c. prohibitionists thought they could count of votes of enfranchised women.
d. a federal constitutional amendment granting the right to vote was about to be enacted by Congress and
ratified by the states.
e. states in the West were the first in the country to gradually extend the vote to women.

d

7. The western preservationists suffered their worst political setback when
a. the development of multiuse resource management became the guiding environmental policy of the
Roosevelt administration.
b. private developers were allowed to cut off public access to the Pacific Coast beaches.
c. the city of Los Angeles built canals to bring water from the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
d. the Yosemite National Park was opened to motor vehicles.
e. California's Hetch Hetchy Valley was dammed to supply water to San Francisco.

e

8. Teddy Roosevelt helped to end the 1902 strike in the anthracite coal mines by
a. using the military to force the miners back to work.
b. passing legislation making the miners' union illegal.
c. helping the mine owners to import strike-breakers.
d. serving as a labor mediator to have the miners' union and mine owners come to a negotiated settlement
guaranteeing the right of the miners to unionize.
e. threatening to seize the mines and to operate them with federal troops.

e

9. Which of the following groups most actively shaped the concept of environmentalism during the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries?
a. Affluent town and city dwellers
b. Recent immigrants from Europe
c. Loggers working in the North
d. Miners in the Southwest
e. Cattle ranchers in the Dakotas

a

10. Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom program in the election of 1912 included the
a. banking reform.
b. tariff reductions.
c. fragmentation of big industrial combines through vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws.
d. promotion of small business and entrepreneurship.
e. All of these choices are correct.

e

11. As president, William Howard Taft
a. was a good judge of public opinion.
b. held together the diverse wings of the Republican party.
c. was wedded more to the status quo than to progressive change.
d. adopted a confrontational attitude toward Congress.
e. carried on the legacy of Theodore Roosevelt.

c

12. Which of the following was NOT among the issues addressed by women in the progressive movement?
a. ending special regulations for safety and sanitary conditions governing women in the workplace
b. preventing child labor in factories and sweatshops
c. ensuring that food products were healthy and safe
d. attacking tuberculosis and other diseases bred in slum tenements
e. winning pensions for women with dependent children

a

13. Match each late 19th-century social critic below with the target of his criticism.
A. Thorstein Veblen 1. "bloated trusts"
B. Jack London 2. slum conditions
C. Jacob Riis 3. "conspicuous consumption"
D. Henry Demarest Lloyd 4. destruction of nature
a. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
b. A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
c. A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
d. A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
e. A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3

c

14. Most muckrakers believed that their primary function in the progressive attack on social ills was to
a. formulate a consistent philosophy of social reform.
b. explain the causes of social ills.
c. devise solutions to society's problems.
d. make the public aware of social problems.
e. link up with movements for social justice.

d

15. The third-party Progressive Republican presidential campaign of Theodore Roosevelt in 1912
a. featured the support of prominent women progressives and social reformers such as Jane Addams.
b. failed to endorse significant social justice causes such women's suffrage, minimum wage laws, and
publicly supported health care.
c. assumed the animal symbol of the "bull moose" to represent the strength and aggressiveness of
Roosevelt.
d. never developed a coherent political programmatic counterpart to Wilson's New Freedom campaign.
e. possessed such a limited progressive scope that it cannot be considered a harbinger of President Franklin
Roosevelt's New Deal and a vision for a comprehensive welfare state.

a

16. Teddy Roosevelt weakened himself politically after his election in 1904 when he
a. failed to reach out to progressives and Republicans in Congress to advance his political agenda.
b. refused to do anything in response to the Roosevelt Panic.
c. supported the Federal Reserve Act.
d. began to reduce his trust-busting activity.
e. announced that he would not be a candidate for a third term as president.

e

17. Activists, scholars and politicians mused about why socialism did not take hold in America, giving all of the
following as reasons EXCEPT
a. American workers' refusal to see themselves as a separate class.
b. the western frontier provided a safety valve that allowed workers to leave oppressive employers.
c. law and government policy prevented workers from organizing and advocating for higher wages and
better working conditions.
d. workers' remarkably high standard of living.
e. workers had full political economy long before the forces of industrialization developed.

c

18. President Taft's foreign policy was dubbed
a. big-stick diplomacy.
b. the Open Door policy.
c. the Good Neighbor policy.
d. dollar diplomacy.
e. sphere-of-influence diplomacy.

d

19. The progressive-inspired city-manager system of government
a. brought democracy to urban dwellers.
b. was developed in Wisconsin.
c. was designed to remove politics from municipal administration.
d. made giant strides under the leadership of Hiram Johnson.
e. opened urban politics to new immigrants.

c

20. The religious movement that was closely linked to progressivism was
a. Reform Judaism.
b. the missionary movement.
c. conservative evangelicalism.
d. the social gospel.
e. the Catholic Action movement.

d

21. The multiple-use conservationists generally believed that
a. cattlemen, lumbermen, and farmers should all develop sustainable use policies.
b. the environment could be effectively protected without shutting it off to human use.
c. forests and rivers could be used for recreation but not for economic purposes.
d. federal lands should be divided into economically useful areas, recreational areas, and wilderness.
e. None of these choices are correct.

b

22. The Supreme Court's rule of reason in antitrust law was handed down in a case involving
a. Northern Securities.
b. United States Steel.
c. General Electric.
d. Armour Meat-Packing.
e. Standard Oil.

e

23. The real heart of the progressive movement was the effort by reformers to
a. preserve world peace.
b. use the government as an agency of human welfare.
c. ensure the Jeffersonian style of government.
d. get the government off the backs of the people.
e. promote economic and social equality.

b

24. Match each early 20th-century muckraker below with the target of his or her exposé.
A. David G. Phillips 1. the United States Senate
B. Ida Tarbell 2. the Standard Oil Company
C. Lincoln Steffens 3. city governments
D. Ray Stannard Baker 4. the circumstances of Black people
a. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
b. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
c. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
d. A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
e. A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3

a

25. Progressive reformers included which of the following?
a. anti-liquor campaigners
b. pacifists
c. female settlement workers
d. labor unionists
e. All of these choices are correct.

e

26. The public outcry after the horrible Triangle Shirtwaist fire led many states to pass
a. laws prohibiting children from working in the needle trades.
b. laws prohibiting women from working in the needle trades.
c. anti-sweatshop and workers' compensation laws for job injuries.
d. zoning regulations governing where dangerous industrial factories could be located.
e. laws guaranteeing unions the right to raise safety concerns.

c

27. As a part of his reform program, Teddy Roosevelt advocated all of the following EXCEPT
a. guaranteed recognition of labor unions.
b. federal regulation of corporations.
c. consumer protection.
d. conservation of natural resources.
e. federal regulation of railroad rates and an end to shipping rebates.

a

28. The Newlands Act, passed under Theodore Roosevelt's administration, was designed to
a. reserve western wilderness areas and rivers for endangered species.
b. open new federal lands to sustainable forestry.
c. reclaim and irrigate unproductive lands.
d. provide protection for fragile western wilderness areas.
e. preserve clean water in the mountain West.

c

29. The Panic of 1907 exposed the need for substantial reform in
a. U.S. banking and currency policies.
b. tariff policies.
c. regulation of trust policies.
d. the practice of corporate interlocking directorates.
e. Wall Street stock-trading.

a

30. The New Nationalism program of Theodore Roosevelt and the "Bull Moose" Progressives of 1912
a. supported a more active government role in economic and social affairs.
b. favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions.
c. supported the growth of regulatory agencies in Washington, D.C. to regulate the economic behavior of
trusts and labor unions.
d. campaigned for women's suffrage and a broad program for social welfare.
e. All of these choices are correct.

e

31. When Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he intended his book to focus attention on the
a. unsanitary conditions that existed in the meat-packing industry.
b. plight of workers in the stockyards and meat-packing industry.
c. corruption in the United States Senate.
d. deplorable conditions in the drug industry.
e. unhealthy effects of beef consumption.

b

32. The settlement house and women's club movements were crucial centers of female progressive activity
because they
a. provided literary and philosophical perspectives on social questions.
b. broke down the idea that women had special concerns as wives and mothers.
c. introduced many middle-class women to a broader array of urban social problems and civic concerns.
d. were the only organizations of middle-class women that advocated for social reforms and civic concerns
for urban problems.
e. became the launching pads for women seeking political office.

c

33. Female progressives often justified their reformist political activities on the basis of
a. the need to assert female power against male oppression.
b. America's need to catch up with more progressive European nations.
c. women's need for more opportunities to work outside the home to support their families.
d. the harsh treatment of working women by employers.
e. their being essentially an extension of women's traditional roles as wives and mothers.

e

34. In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court upheld the principle promoted by progressives like Florence Kelley
and Louis Brandeis that
a. child labor under the age of 14 should be prohibited.
b. the federal government should regulate occupational safety and health.
c. women's factory labor should be limited to 10 hours a day, five days a week.
d. female workers should receive equal pay for equal work.
e. female workers required special rules and protection on the job.

e

35. While president, Theodore Roosevelt
a. enhanced the power and prestige of the presidency.
b. damaged the power and prestige of the presidency and enhanced the power and prestige of Congress
and the Supreme Court.
c. relied more on insider political skills than on public opinion.
d. was highly popular with the business community.
e. held rigidly to ideological principles.

a

36. According to progressives, the cure for all of American democracy's ills was
a. technical and scientific expertise.
b. a third political party.
c. socialism.
d. a more conservative government.
e. more democracy.

e

37. According to the text, Teddy Roosevelt's most important and enduring achievement may have been
a. building the Panama Canal.
b. busting the corporate monopoly trusts.
c. mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War.
d. conserving American resources and protecting the environment.
e. keeping the United States out of war.

d

38. Woodrow Wilson developed a reputation for pursuing progressive policies and advocating progressive reforms
while
a. serving as governor of New Jersey.
b. serving as mayor of Newark, New Jersey.
c. serving as mayor of Trenton, New Jersey.
d. serving as governor of New York.
e. serving as governor of Massachusetts.

a

39. The results of the 1912 election
a. represented a complete repudiation of the political and economic principles of progressivism.
b. gave Woodrow Wilson a resounding electoral victory in the presidential contest, but a narrower popular
vote victory for Wilson, especially in states outside the old Confederacy.
c. left both houses of Congress in the hands of the Republicans.
d. marked the end of the political career of William Howard Taft in Washington, D.C.
e. included a negligible and disappointing popular vote total for the Socialist presidential candidate Eugene
Debs.

b

40. The real purpose of Teddy Roosevelt's assault on trusts was to
a. fragment the political power of big business.
b. prove that the democratic federal government, not private business, governed the United States.
c. halt the trend toward combination and integration in business.
d. win reelection as president by attacking the unpopular trusts.
e. inspire confidence in small business owners.

b

41. Theodore Roosevelt is probably most accurately described as a
a. conservative in progressive clothing.
b. near-socialist.
c. middle-of-the-road reformer.
d. champion trustbuster.
e. political elitist.

c

42. Teddy Roosevelt decided to run for the presidency in 1912 because
a. William Howard Taft had seemed to discard Roosevelt's progressive policies.
b. Taft decided not to run for a second term.
c. Teddy Roosevelt had developed a personal animus against William Howard Taft.
d. Senator Robert La Follette encouraged him to do so.
e. the Democratic party was split.

a

43. President Roosevelt believed that the federal government should adopt a policy of ____ trusts.
a. dissolving
b. nationalizing
c. regulating
d. collusion with
e. monitoring

c

44. The American population in 1900 can best be described as
a. ethnically and racially mixed.
b. reaching nearly 76 million people.
c. one in seven people were foreign-born.
d. beset with increasingly complex social and economic problems.
e. All of these choices are correct.

e

45. Progressivism
a. was closely tied to the feminist movement and women's causes.
b. offered little to the growing women's movement.
c. supported better treatment of women but not women's suffrage.
d. saw racial issues as more important than women's issues.
e. reflected the opinions and views of white working-class women and men on how to achieve social and
political reforms.

a

46. Passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act was inspired by the publication of
a. Theodore Dreiser's The Titan.
b. Jack London's The Call of the Wild.
c. Henry Demarest Lloyd's Wealth Against Commonwealth.
d. Jacob Riis's How the Other Half Lives.
e. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

e

47. The Elkins and Hepburn Acts were designed to
a. regulate municipal utilities and end private utility monopolies.
b. guarantee the purity of food and drugs.
c. provide federal protection for natural resources.
d. end corrupt and exploitative practices by the railroad trusts.
e. None of these choices are correct.

d

48. Teddy Roosevelt believed that large corporate trusts
a. had to all be busted up if the American economy were to thrive.
b. were essential to American national power and economic growth.
c. should only be broken up if their profits were excessive and had become too large through combination
and integration.
d. were candidates for being broken up only if they acted as monopolies against the public interest.
e. should be balanced by strong labor unions.

d

49. Lincoln Steffens, in his series of articles entitled The Shame of the Cities,
a. exposed the United States Senate as a millionaires' club.
b. investigated the lives of those in poverty in urban areas.
c. uncovered the corruption and collusion between municipal government and the Standard Oil Company.
d. uncovered official collusion in prostitution.
e. unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.

e

50. All of the following were prime goals of earnest progressives EXCEPT
a. the direct election of senators.
b. prohibition.
c. women's suffrage.
d. ending prostitution and white slavery.
e. passing an equal pay and sex discrimination law for women in Congress.

e

51. The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was a key progressive reform designed to
a. end the corrupt and family-destroying influence of the liquor industry.
b. make Senators directly elected and end the Senate millionaire's club.
c. prohibit child labor.
d. guarantee the secret Australian ballot in all federal elections.
e. make the initiative and referendum applicable for all federal laws.

b

52. Early 20th-century progressive state governors included
a. Hiram W. Johnson.
b. Robert La Follette.
c. William Howard Taft.
d. Charles Evans Hughes.
e. Henry Cabot Lodge.

a, b, d

53. President Taft stirred the anger of many progressives when he
a. signed the reactionary Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill.
b. politically began to align himself with the Republican Old Guard in advance of the 1910 congressional
elections.
c. fired forest conservationist Gifford Pinchot from his administration.
d. proved less aggressive at trust busting than Theodore Roosevelt.
e. aligned himself with Republican senatorial reactionaries.

a, b, c, e

54. President Roosevelt and his chief forestry official, Gifford Pinchot, promoted a view of conservation that
involved
a. supporting individual ranchers and loggers against big business.
b. protecting natural resources for long-term enjoyment and use by the American people.
c. permitting multiple uses of protected federal lands and national parks.
d. preventing all public lands from being used for private profit.
e. encouraging authorized private corporations to manage certain national parks.

b, c

55. Most progressives worked toward goals of
a. ending political corruption.
b. strengthening government as a means of democratically controlling society.
c. checking the power of big business.
d. providing greater social justice for ordinary citizens.
e. preventing technology from getting out of control.

a, b, c, d

56. Almost all progressives supported such political reforms as
a. the initiative, referendum, and recall.
b. the Australian secret ballot.
c. woman suffrage.
d. direct election of senators.
e. eliminating political parties.

a, b, c, d

57. President Taft intervened militarily in ____ to ease disorders that threatened American investments there.
a. Central America
b. Manchuria
c. the Mediterranean
d. the Caribbean
e. the Philippines

a, d

58. In the early 1900s, critics of social injustice who contributed to the progressive movement included
a. socialists.
b. railroad owners.
c. Christians who were committed to the social gospel.
d. feminists.
e. journalists.

a, c, d, e