What is a chemotroph?

AN organism that gets its energy from oxidation of carbon fuel

What is the energy currency of life? And what is it formed by?

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is formed by the oxidation of carbon fuels

Metabolic pathways are ______ regulated

Highly

What does catabolism make?

ATP and reducing equivalents like NADH, FADH2, etc.

What does anabolism use?

ATP and reductive power

What is metabolic homeostasis?

The control and regulation of the amount of enzymes present, enzymatic catalytic activity and substrate accessibility

2 Hormones control metabolism. What are they and what does each do?

When there is excess glucose in the blood, insulin is released to bring the glucose levels down. While glucagon is released when glucose levels in the blood are low and help raise the blood glucose level.

What does epinephrine do?

-It prepares muscles, heart and lungs for flight/fright/fight/ intercourse

-Breaks down sugars for immediate energy production as ATP

What is coupling?

Coupling is pairing a thermodynamically unfavorable pathway with a thermodynamically favorable pathway to make a favorable reaction. (-) is favorable!!

Review Reaction Coupling ATP with ATP Hydrolysis

Look at notes and rewrite it!

What is ATP? What is it made from and what is it used to do?

A source of potential energy. It is made from catabolic reactions and used to drive anabolic reactions

Is ATP endergonic or exergonic?

Exergonic

What is ATP, ADP, and AMP held together by?

High energy, unstable phosphoanhydride bonds

Define Phosphoryl-transfer potential.

The tendency of organic molecules to transfer a phosphoryl group to an acceptor molecule. (ex: how much you want to get rid of a phosphate)

ATP has a high phosphoryl transfer potential because______

Of charge repulsion, resonance stabilization, and stabilization by hydration

Review Other Energy Sources

Slide 18

How to calculate Calories. How many Calories are there is a food has

-0g of trans fat

-100g of cholesterol

-14g of carbohydrates

-1g of protein

Fats => (0*9)= 0

Carbohydrates => (14*4)=56

Proteins => (1*4)=4

---------------

Total=60 Calories

-Cholesterol is not included!!!

What is a cofactor? Give one example.

A non protein substance that interacts with the enzyme and aids in catalysis (Mg 2+, CU 2+, FE 2+, Co 2+)

What is a coenzyme? Are they regenerated after a reaction?

An organic cofactor that is regenerated after a reaction

What is Vitamin B9: Folic Acid?

A prenatal vitamin essential to making DNA. Important to intake as gummies to prevent birth defects in babies

Practice the Mechanism for NAD and FAD

Slides 22-25