Which of the following is the source of instinctual drives and is a product of evolution?

ego

superego

superid

id

Id

According to the ecological/social disorganization approach, which of the following areas within a big city would be expected to have the highest crime rate?

area outside of the city with mainly farmland

area on the edges of the city with several schools

area in the center of the city with many office buildings

area near the business district with cheap housing

area near the business district with cheap housing

The death penalty is intended to be a punishment built on the idea of ______ theory.

biological

deterrence

positive

classical

deterrence

Support for a genetic influence in predicting potential violence and criminality has found variations in five genes. Which gene was found to have the most impact on likely delinquency and crime

5HTT

DRD4

DAT1

MAOA

MAOA

Early theories that explained deviancy as a result of evil spirits were known as

free will

demonology

deterrence

classical

demonology

Which of these policies would Goddard have supported in order to prevent criminality

universal prenatal care

sterilization of a portion of the population

educational programs

harsher punishments

sterilization of a portion of the population

Informal adjustment occurs only in the street.

True

False

False

Actions in which the victim is targeted online or through the use of text messages using cell phones is known as ______.

assault

cyberbullying

sexting

tweeting

cyberbullying

Which of the following programs is intended to improve the relationship between community agencies and police in working with juveniles?

Serious Habitual Offender Comprehensive Action Program

Crisis Intervention Team for Youth

stop and frisk procedures

youth-focused community policing

Serious Habitual Offender Comprehensive Action Program

Research has found conclusively that race plays a significant role in police arrest decisions.

True

False

False

Which of the following programs involves police officers teaching children how to avoid illicit drugs?

Policing the Teen Brain

GREAT

CIT-Y

DARE

DARE

An officer asking juveniles who are congregating at a public park after hours to leave would be a type of ______ adjustment.

official

street corner

formal

station

street corner

The number of college programs in criminal justice and law enforcement has increased due to the desire for increased ______.

diversity in policing

recruitment efforts

Professionalization of the police

community policing programs

Professionalization of the police

A longitudinal evaluation of the GREAT program showed that students who had completed the training had lower levels of victimization, more negative views of gangs, and more positive attitudes about police.

True

False

True

An officer using individual judgement in considering the type of action to take during an encounter with a juvenile is an example of ______.

discretion

overpolicing

mandated reporting

informal adjustment

discretion

Youth-Focused Community Policing and TAL PAL are examples of which type of program?

crisis intervention

community-oriented policing

bullying prevention

street corner adjustment

community-oriented policing

The Miami Dade Schools Police Department program was designed to do which of the following?

increase arrests for juveniles

put policing at the forefront of dealing with juveniles

train officers in official proceedings for dealing with juveniles

create partnerships within the community, school, and corrections agencies

create partnerships within the community, school, and corrections agencies

In order to improve an officer’s ability to deal with juveniles who are incarcerated and victims, officers should receive ______.

specialized training

increased pay

recognition

promotions

specialized training

Stop and frisk encounters are often viewed as discriminatory as a result of ______ in racial-ethnic minority neighborhood.

community policing

formal

crime reduction policies

overpolicing

overpolicing

TAL PAL is a program that promotes positive relationships between the police and community juveniles.

True

False

True

Research has shown that school resource officers balance being an authority figures and counselors to school children.

True

False

False

According to your text, many officers believe that being assigned as a juvenile officer is particularly desirable.

True

False

False

The police and the courts have the same goals with respect to juveniles.

True

False

False

The SHOCAP (Serious Habitual Offender Comprehensive Action Program) model centers on effective case management and an information-sharing intervention for juvenile delinquency through a ______ approach.

law enforcement

letter of the law

multidisciplinary

discretionary

multidisciplinary

The resulting death after a police encounter with which of the following African American males in 2020 accelerated the Black Lives Matter movement?

George Floyd

Michael Brown

Freddie Gray

Trayvon Martin

George Floyd

Informal adjustment occurs only in the street.

True

False

False

Officers who receive training in de-escalation techniques felt significantly more prepared to work with juveniles who are incarcerated

True

False

True

Compared to non-internet juvenile prostitution cases, internet cases involved ______ victims.

older

more runaway

younger

more school dropout

younger

In addition to providing security, school resource officers provide

administrative support

teaching

counseling

volunteer time

counseling

Research has found conclusively that race plays a significant role in police arrest decisions

True

False

False

With respect to abused or neglected children, police options are technically more restricted

True

False

True

Which of the following investigative techniques would most likely be used to decrease internet victimization?

interviewing students at local high schools

police officers posing online as minors

interviewing known gang members

neighborhood canvasses

police officers posing online as minors

Which of the following juveniles will the police likely handle unofficially

a juvenile who is impertinent to police a

juvenile who has prior contacts with the police

a juvenile who is respectful

a juvenile who have uncooperative parents

a juvenile who is respectful

Effective training for juvenile officers should include techniques to ______aggressive youth.

physically subdue

avoid

de-escalate

argue with

de-escalate

Police are likely to take official action in cases of disrespectful juveniles, especially when coupled with

minority race

an association with a local gang

drug or alcohol intoxication

other delinquent peers

drug or alcohol intoxication

Cyberbullying cases have resulted in severe depression, self-harm, and even suicide among juveniles.

True

False

True

Which strategy relies on the identification of problems by police and the people who live in the area they police, as well as a shared commitment to address these issues through law enforcement and order maintenance

official procedure

community policing

overpolicing

unofficial procedure

community policing

Match the following theories of crime causation to the importance it has in the nature of police-juvenile interactions.

the role that race and ethnicity play in crime:

police attempts to intervene early in juvenile misconduct:

differing reactions from police officers during juvenile encounters:

allocation of police resource:

Biological and genetic

Behavior modification

Labeling

Social class

the role that race and ethnicity play in crime: Biological and genetic

police attempts to intervene early in juvenile misconduct: Behavior modification

differing reactions from police officers during juvenile encounters: Labeling

allocation of police resource: Social class

The main premise of the Miami Dade Schools Police Department program is a ______ model that emphasizes tools and interventions directed at at-risk youth.

diversion

correctional

social service

formal process

diversion

The Black Lives Matter movement has gained significant support from all racial groups with the exception of Caucasians

True

False

False

Which of the following behaviors among juveniles has provided one of the biggest challenges in juvenile policing?

the use of social media

widespread vandalism

addressing truancy

an increase in gang activity

the use of social media

Mandated reporting laws have resulted in more ______ when it comes to abuse or neglect cases

informal action

stationhouse adjustment

street corner adjustment

official action

official action

Raul is 15-year old who has been exhibiting signs of a mental or behavioral disorder. Police interaction would best be dealt with by an officer who had received which type of training

Enhancing Police Responses to Children Exposed to Violence

De-escalating Juvenile Aggression: For Law Enforcement Only

Policing the Teen Brain

Crisis Intervention Team for Youth

Crisis Intervention Team for Youth

Which of the following involves an official action of the police

talking to a group of juveniles on the street

taking the juvenile to their home and informing their parents

arresting a juvenile

releasing the juvenile in question without arrest

arresting a juvenile

Match the following definitions with the associated type of jurisdiction.

One court has the sole jurisdiction;

Two or more courts have jurisdiction over a case:

Jurisdiction is shared between the juvenile and adult courts:

Exclusive

Concurrent

Blended

One court has the sole jurisdiction; Exclusive

Two or more courts have jurisdiction over a case: Concurrent

Jurisdiction is shared between the juvenile and adult courts: Blended

In which of the following scenarios might the removal of a child be in the best interest of a child?

A parent suffers from depression and sometimes sleeps during the day.

Children are not fed 3 meals a day due to limited food in the house.

A parent leaves a 10-year-old home alone while they go to work.

A child ends up in the hospital with bruising and broken bones

A child ends up in the hospital with bruising and broken bones

A criminal trial in the juvenile court system is known as which of the following?

dispositional hearing

adjudicatory hearing

petition

detention hearing

adjudicatory hearing

The historical progression of purposed clauses in the juvenile court can be characterized as ______.

stacked

linear

circular

cyclical

linear

Which of the following individuals would be dealt with differently to avoid the label of delinquent?

unruly child

habitual offender

chronic adult criminal

violent juvenile

unruly child

Rather than being arrested, a juvenile is said to be ______.

disposed

taken into custody

adjudicated

petitioned

taken into custody

Juvenile court proceedings were originally conceptualized as which of the following?

criminal

civil

get tough

punitive

Civil

The Uniform Juvenile Court Act provides judicial procedures so that all parties are assured ______.

due process

rehabilitation

fairness

formality

fairness

Mandatory wavier proceedings are initiated in the ______ court.

adult

civil

blended

juvenile

juvenile

Which of the following cases is designated to be heard in the juvenile court?

dependency

murder

civil

robbery

dependency

Johnny is suspected of breaking and entering and is taken into custody by the police. Which stage of the justice system is he in?

trial

appeal

arrest

sentencing

arrest

The goal of the juvenile court when dealing with the welfare of children is to preserve the family unit whenever possible.

True

False

True

Why does the juvenile justice system use different terms from the adult justice system?

to hold juveniles accountable for their crimes

to protect the best interest of the child

to label juveniles so they will not reoffend

to consider variations in state laws

to protect the best interest of the child

Which term refers to the type of sentencing used when a juvenile is sentenced to both adult sanctions and youth correctional sanctions?

blended

exclusive

concurrent

Inclusive

blended

Juanita attended her adjudicatory hearing and was adjudicated as delinquent. What is the next step in the juvenile justice process?

appeal

dispositional hearing

petition

taking into custody

dispositional hearing

As delinquency was thought to be ______, one of the main purposes of the juvenile court was to reduce stigmatization.

dangerous

less serious

non-criminal

infrequent

less serious

Why was the Uniform Juvenile Court Act passed

to establish juvenile courts in specific states

to prevent the courts from becoming rehabilitative

to standardize definitions and proceedings

to broaden interpretations of delinquency

to standardize definitions and proceedings

The struggle of the juvenile court to rehabilitate and also protect the community has led to the juvenile court being seen as

discriminatory

formal

dichotomous

contradictory

contradictory

The first juvenile court act in the United States was passed in which of the following states in 1899

California

Pennsylvania

Illinois

New York

Illinois

The purpose of the first juvenile courts in the United States was to punish juveniles who are incarcerated

True

False

False

Removal of a child from the family is a permanent decision

True

False

False

What is the purpose of a juvenile court act?

to apply federal juvenile court law to a specific state

to give a juvenile court legal power to rule in capital cases

to determine appropriate action for a specific crime

to establish a juvenile court in a given state

to establish a juvenile court in a given state

Community service is a type of ______ that a juvenile might receive

appeal

adjudication

disposition

petition

disposition

The Uniform Juvenile Court Act defines delinquency as an act designated as a crime by local ordinance, state law, or federal law

True

False

True

Match the following descriptions to the type of purpose clause of the juvenile justice system.

no juvenile court purpose clause defined in statute:

reflects the juvenile court’s role as the protector of children:

allows for equal protections for juvenile defendants as adults :

reforms that sought to reverse the impact of the get-tough era:

uses evidence-based practices based on adolescent development :The developmental approach

No clause

Parents patriae

Due process

Balanced and restorative Justice

The developmental approach

no juvenile court purpose clause defined in statute: No clause

reflects the juvenile court’s role as the protector of children: Parents patriae

allows for equal protections for juvenile defendants as adults :Due process

reforms that sought to reverse the impact of the get-tough era: Balanced and restorative Justice

uses evidence-based practices based on adolescent development :The developmental approach

A recurring pattern of criminal behavior is known as ______ offending.

status

civil

habitual

unruly

habitual

When was the earliest that all U.S. states had juvenile court acts within their statutory enactments or constitutions

the mid-1900s

the late 1800s

the late 1900s

the early 1900s

the mid-1900s

Due to ______ protections, delinquency must be established beyond a reasonable doubt in juvenile cases.

ethical

constitutional

equality

informal

constitutional

The juvenile court has ______ jurisdiction in cases involving minor or moderate delinquency

inclusive

concurrent

exclusive

blended

exclusive

States often establish higher age limits in cases of ______ offenders

person of color

status

habitual

male

status

The juvenile court was established with the concept of

retribution

rehabilitation

punishment

criminality

rehabilitation

The Uniform Juvenile Court Act defines delinquency as an act designated as a crime by local ordinance, state law, or federal law

True

False

True

The Uniform Juvenile Court Act established the age of ______ as the legal age at which illegal actions are considered criminal

16

25

18

21

18

Balancing the dichotomy between the need for ______ and avoiding labeling people who are incarcerated is one of the biggest challenges facing the juvenile court today.

support

treatment

punishment

accountability

accountability

All juvenile court acts define the ______ of the person who is incarcerated and the crime seriousness within the scope of the court.

socioeconomic status

gender

age

race

age

A juvenile who is incarcerated suspected of bank robbery will likely be subject to ______ jurisdiction

exclusive

concurrent

inclusive

blended

concurrent

All states have uniform upper and lower age limits

True

False

False

Which of the following youths would be excluded from juvenile court jurisdiction

Damon, a 15-year-old who is truant

Sarah, a 17-year-old who is married

Lisa, a 14-year-old soliciting prostitution

Diego, a 16-year old, found smoking marijuana

Sarah, a 17-year-old who is married

Why would states raise the upper age of juvenile court jurisdiction

to limit the people entering the juvenile justice system

to prevent people being served in the adult justice system

to address the issue of those removed from their homes

to reduce the population incarcerated in juvenile facilities

to prevent people being served in the adult justice system

Which Supreme Court case requires due process in juvenile proceedings

In re Gault

Kent v. United States

In re Winship

Breed v. Jones

In re Gault

Determining when to remove a child from the home is an easy task for the juvenile court.

True

False

False

Why is the vocabulary different in the juvenile court

to address the issue of those removed from their homes

to reduce the population incarcerated in juvenile facilities

to prevent people being served in the adult justice system

to limit the people entering the juvenile justice system

to prevent people being served in the adult justice system

Which of the following crimes would be excluded from delinquent acts

robbery

drug use

murder

truancy

truancy

Court proceedings for a delinquent child allow for the civil standard of preponderance of evidence

True

False

False

Which of the following people who are incarcerated would most likely be subject to an automatic waiver?

a 16-year-old who is truant

a 15-year-old who kills classmates in a school shooting

an 18-year-old who has committed a robbery

a 14-year-old who is unruly child

a 15-year-old who kills classmates in a school shooting

Parents must be notified ______ of a juvenile’s status in custody.

within 24 hours

within a week

at the department’s convenience

reasonably quickly

reasonably quickly

cases of delinquency, cases of unruly behavior, and cases involving serious abuse or neglect result in processing through the entire juvenile justice system.

Only the most serious

About a quarter of the

Most

More than half of the

Only the most serious

A preliminary conference is often equated with which of the following?

an informal adjustment

a probationary sentence

a plea bargain

an adult sentence

an informal adjustment

The most difficult issue when it comes to juveniles’ protections has been with the right to ______.

remain silent in court

counsel

confront and cross-examine witnesses

waive their Miranda rights

waive their Miranda rights

Police take juveniles into custody only if they have broken a law.

True

False

False

A juvenile who is suspected of which of the following would likely be officially processed through the juvenile justice system?

robbing a store clerk with a gun

painting graffiti on a building

consuming alcohol

skipping school once a week

robbing a store clerk with a gun

What standard of proof is required for delinquency issues?

preponderance of evidence

reasonable belief

beyond a reasonable doubt

probable cause

beyond a reasonable doubt

Shayla is appearing in court due to child abuse allegations against her mother. Who would appear on her behalf instead of her mother due to the conflict of interest?

guardian ad litem

judge

prosecutor

family friend

guardian ad litem

Most jurisdictions require that official records kept on juveniles be maintained in separate and confidential files.

True

False

True

A goal of the preliminary inquiry is to make a decision that will ______.

balance punishment and rehabilitation

consider the child’s home life

emphasize accountability

be in the best interest of the child

be in the best interest of the child

A detention hearing must be held within 24 hours of a juvenile being placed in detention.

True

False

False