What is a transgenic organism?

An organism that has incorporated a piece of foreign DNA, meaning from a different organism that was artificially introduced.

What are some differences between natural selection and selective breeding?

It arises from random mutations that can be beneficial or deleterious based on the environment

What is beneficial mutations?

They will increase in frequency in the population due to an increase in their likelihood to be passed down.

Will deleterious mutations be passed down?

no

Selective breeding can also be called what?

Artificial selection

What is selective breeding?

Occurs when humans intervene and naturally breed together different organisms to get a desirable trait.

What is this...

On a warm island, a species of bird has thin feathers. Occasionally, a few birds are born with a mutation for thick feathers. After a random cold snap, the next year there are far more birds being born with thick feathers.

natural selection

What is this...

A farmer breeds a tall wheat stalk with one with a high yield to get tall, high yield wheat.

selective breeding

What is this...

The whale population in the arctic took a large decline due to overhunting. The resulting gene pool had different allele frequencies than before.

Genetic bottleneck

What is this...

4 lizards from a group of 30 got separated and started their own lizard colony with a distinct gene pool.

founder effect

Gel Electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by______ with the__________ fragments traveling the furthest through the gel.

size, smallest

True or false translocation can NOT be caused by a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism?

true

Which of the following are ways to bring about adaptations?

Natural selection

What is meant by a conserved sequence?

This is a sequence that is fairly standard across multiple species and over time! It does not have a high mutation or deviation rate

When comparing homology, should scientists compare the nucleotide or amino acid sequences of two organisms? Why?

Amino acid codes are degenerate, meaning that even if a nucleotide was mutated and changed, it may still code for the same amino acid. Amino acid codes take longer to deviate than nucleotide ones.

Meiosis can occur in triploid cells

false

In mitosis, a haploid cell starts G1 with 8 chromosomes. How many will it have at S phase, anaphase, and telophase?

S phase - 8

anaphase - 16

telophase -16

Microtubules connect to DNA in prometaphase

false

In mitosis, chromosome number doubles in_____while DNA amount doubles in________

anaphase, s phase

Sister chromatids separate in anaphase 1 of meiosis

false

A diploid organism that starts G1 of meiosis with 46 chromosomes will have how many chromosomes at the end of Meiosis 1?

23

A diploid organism that starts G1 of meiosis with 46 chromosomes will have how many chromosomes at the end of Meiosis 2?

23

A diploid organism that starts G1 of meiosis with 46 chromosomes will have how many chromatids at the end of S phase?

92

A diploid organism that starts G1 of meiosis with 46 chromosomes will have how many chromatids at the end of Meiosis 1?

46

Prior to meiosis, a cell has the genotype AaBbCc. What is the predicted frequency of the gamete ABC?

12.5 (1/8)

What best describes a change in allele frequencies due to genes moving from one population to another?

gene flow/migration

Which organelles carry genetic material that can be inherited by daughter cells during mitosis?

nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast

If you measure the percentage of adenine in yeast to be 31.3%, what is the approximate amount of cytosine you would expect to observe?

18.7%

Kevin is arguing with Lillie about model organisms. Kevin believes that ducks should be considered model organisms because their generation time is only a few weeks, they have 100,000 offspring each time, they are very inexpensive to house, and they are relatively adaptable to the lab setting. Using what you know about model organisms, is Kevin correct?

No, 100,000 offspring is not a manageable number of offspring

You are cramming for your test and cannot remember her model organisms. You can only remember 5 of them and are left with 4 options for the last one. Which of the below options is one of the model organisms?

Escherichia coli

Manx cats, when heterozygous, have a shortened or missing tail. Brianna decided to cross two carriers of this mutation and is surprised when two thirds of their offspring have shortened or missing tails, and only one third are normal. What could be attributed to this phenomenon?

The allele that causes the mutation is a recessive lethal allele.

If you crossed two heterozygous plants, how many of the offspring will also be heterozygous?

1/2

How many Barr Bodies would an XXY individual produce?

1

What did Thomas Hunt Morgan discover?

Chromosome theory of inheritance

What did Linus Pauling discover?

Gel electrophoresis

What did Sutton and Boveri discover?

chromosomes in meiosis mirror hereditary transmission of genes

What did mary lyon discover?

random x inactivation

What did murray barr discover?

barr bodies