pathogenesis

how the disease process evolves

morphology

the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Morphologic changes are concerned with gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of disease.

histology-

deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues. The most common method used in the study of tissues is the preparation of histologic sections—thin, translucent sections of human tissues and organs—that can be examined with the aid of a microscope. these sections play an important role in the diagnosis of many types of cancer

Clinical manifestations

signs and symptoms (example: fever, or pain, or difficulty breathing)

Diagnosis

the designation as to the nature or cause of health problem (e.g., bacterial pneumonia or hemorrhagic stroke). The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination (PE), and diagnostic tests.

Clinical course

the evolution of a disease. Acute/chronic, or preclinical/subclinical/clinical/carrier…..

Disease

has been defined as an interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure.

Hyperplasia

refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.

Hyperplasia-physiologic

Breast and uterine enlargements during pregnancy

Metaplasia

is the replacement of adult cells. reversible change in one cell type is replaced by another. Results from chronic irritation or inflammation. Example: substitution of stratified squamous epithelial cells for ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the trachea of cigarette smokers

Dysplasia

deranged cell growth of an specific tissue. again, from chronic irritation or inflammation. Sometimes but not always precursor to cancers.

Papanicolaou smear

it has been documented that cancer of the uterine cervix develops in a series of incremental epithelial changes ranging from severe dysplasia to invasive cancer

Wet gangrene

The affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action.

The spread of tissue damage is rapid.

Dry gangrene

The affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow.

Coagulation Necrosis

acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell. Characteristic of hypoxic injury and is seen in infarcted areas. Infarction occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other source of blood supply exists

Tissue infarction is caused by prolonged oxygen deprivation, and the resulting large group of dead cells coagulates in the damaged area

Ischemia

Characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of metabolic end products such as lactic acid. commonly affects blood flow through limited numbers of blood vessels and produces local tissue injury

(blood flow decreased)

Infarction

occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded an no other source of blood supply exists. As a rule, the shape is conical and corresponds to the distribution of the artery and its branches. An artery may be occluded by an embolus, thrombus, disease of arterial wall, or pressure from outside the vessel. (blood flow completely cut off)

Cell Injury and Death-Intracellular Accumulations: Fatty necrosis

Abnormal accumulation occurs when the delivery of free fatty acids to the liver is increased, as in starvation and diabetes mellitus, or when the intrahepatic metabolism of lipids is disturbed, as in alcoholism.

Cell Injury and Death- Intracellular waste buildup.

the buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate. The substances may accumulate in the cytoplasm (frequently in the lysosomes) or in the nucleus.

dystrophic calcification

occurs in injured tissues, metastatic calcification, represents the macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in injured tissues. It is often visible to the naked eye as deposits that range from gritty, sandlike grains to firm, hard rock material. The pathogenesis involves the intracellular or extracellular formation of crystalline calcium phosphate

Calcifications-metastatic.

occurs in normal tissues as the result of increased serum calcium levels (hypercalcemia ). Almost any condition that increases the serum calcium level can lead to calcification in inappropriate sites such as the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels.

lead poisoning

lead is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs. It . Decreased calcium and iron increase the risk of lead poisoning.

lead poisoning, clinical manifestations,

The gastrointestinal tract is the main source of symptoms in the adult. This is characterized by “lead colic,” a severe and poorly localized form of acute abdominal pain.

A lead line formed by precipitated lead sulfide may appear along the gingival margins. peripheral demyelinating neuropathy may occur in adults. The most serious manifestation of lead poisoning is acute encephalopathy. It is manifested by persistent vomiting, ataxia, seizures, papilledema, impaired consciousness, and coma. Acute encephalopathy may manifest suddenly, or it may be preceded by other signs of lead toxicity such as behavioral changes or abdominal complaints.

vulnerable population for lead

particularly among children. Research has found that low levels of lead in the blood can have devastating cognitive and intellectual deficits, as well as neurobehavioral problems in children

From genes to proteins

The process by which DNA is copied to RNA is called transcription, and that by which RNA is used to produce proteins is called translation.

What is acquired when the host mounts an immune response to an antigen either through the process of vaccination or from environmental exposure?

Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Also known as ACTIVE immunity because it requires the host's immune system to develop an immunologic response including the development of memory. Usually long-lasting but requires a few days to weeks after a first exposure to sufficiently develop an appropriate immunologic response that culminates in the destruction of the presenting antige

s immunity transferred from another source. Most common form of passive immunity is that conferred from mother to fetus. IgG antibodies are transferred to the fetus via the placenta and also after birth in breast milk and colostrum so infants have some degree of protection from infection for 3-6 months. Produces only short-term protection that lasts weeks to months