Able to move quickly and easily

agile

without feeling

apathetic

a destructive fire, usually an extensive one

conflagration

floating material

flotsam

very faint

imperceptible

acting quickly without thought

impetuous

relentless, unstoppable

implacable

cannot be touched

intangible

a beginner

novice

a quality that evokes sadness

pathos

evoking sadness

poignant

attractively unusual

quaint

sparkiling

scintillant

move sideways cautiously

sidle

in waves

undulation

unusual; unfamiliar

unwonted

to go in a specific direction/ to wind

wend

with longing

wistful

marks a period of sudden and unexpected breaks with traditional ways of viewing and interacting with the world

modernism

1815 - 1945

modernism

WWI advanced weapons killed soldiers and civilians, more casualties than ever before - undermined faith in authorities, traditions, and beliefs

modernism

Radios, movies, etc. reshaped daily life - new major cities emerged - new scientific theories changed perceptions of reality and humanity

modernism

writers begin to see knowledge as relative and address subconscious motivations

modernism

people no longer trusted the world's values and sought new ideas - writers experimented with new approaches and techniques - marked by extreme and turbulent social shifts

modernism

Ernest Hemingway -> Cat in the Rain

modernism

F. Scott Fitzgerald

modernism

James Joyce

modernism

T.S. Eliot

modernism

Hemingway -> the most important part of the story should lay below the surface so it can shine through (iceberg theory)

modernism

literary devices secretly conveyed vital elements of a story

modernism

Depicted contemporary social realities and the lives and everyday activities of ordinary people

realism

1865- 1900

realism

after the civil war Americans were less optimistic

realism

America's population grew rapidly - science, industry, and transportation expanded - the frontier changed

realism

new writers rejected romanticism and transcendentalism whose ideas were irrelevant and out of date

realism

sought to render common people and ordinary life accurately - complex ordinary people > heroes and villains

realism

sought to present life objectively and accurately - used detached narration

realism

focused on sharp contrasts in society - captains of industry vs immigrants and laborers

realism

showed the daily struggles of ordinary people

realism

a mid 19th century movement encouraging people to transcend to a higher spiritual level

transcendentalism

1836 - 1865

transcendentalism

Immanuel Kant

transcendentalism

reaction to contemporary society

transcendentalism

Hinduism and Budism

transcendentalism

nature

transcendentalism

God is in everything

transcendentalism

nature is sacred and the source of truth

transcendentalism

humans are inherently good

transcendentalism

individuality > conformity

transcendentalism

intuition > logic/learned reason

transcendentalism

created a unique American literature - elevated essays and nature writings

transcendentalism

Social reform starts w/ the individual

transcendentalism

all for abolition and women's rights

transcendentalism

education institutions must be reformed

transcendentalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson -> Nature and Self-Reliance - Father of transcendentalism

transcendentalism

Henry David Thoreau -> Walden, battle of the Ants, Civil disobedience

transcendentalism

Walt Whitman -> leaves of Grass, A noiseless patient Spider - Father of Free Verse

transcendentalism

A form of romanticism focusing on the macabre and perverse aspects of human nature, characterized by dark elements such as gloomy settings and disturbed characters

gothic

Mystery, terror, madness, secrets, blood, death, curses, pain, cruelty

gothic

dark castles, haunted mansions, cemeteries, dungeons, dark, stormy nights, clouds and winds

gothic

demons and angels, ghosts, the devil, maniacs and madmen, magicians, villains, tyrants, vampires, werewolves, monsters

gothic

goths were ancient Germanic warrior tribes called barbarians - French style Medieval architecture was viewed as barbaric by Italians and called Gothic - the literal setting and mood of dark medieval castles gave Gothic literature its name

gothic

Edgar Allan Poe -> The Black Cat

gothic

Washington Irving -> The Devil and Tom Walker

gothic

Nathaniel Hawthorne -> Legend of Sleepy Hollow

gothic

1764 - 1832

gothic

Emphasized emotions over reason and power

romanticism

1820 - 1865 (civil war)

romanticism

Thomas Chatterton -> celebrity

romanticism

William Wordsworth charmed England with poetry

romanticism

Fransisco Goya -> The Sleep of Reason Brings Forth Monsters

romanticism

jean Jacques Rousseau idealizes children's goodness

romanticism

Goethe -> The Sorrows of Young Werther

romanticism

Emphasis on imagination and emotions

romanticism

Intuition > reason/calculation

romanticism

imagination > intellect

romanticism

Innocence in uncorrupted by society

romanticism

inspiratin > rationalism

romanticism

inner experience > second hand knowledge

romanticism

emphasized supernatural/spiritual nostalgia

romanticism

light and dark side

romanticism

short stories, poems, essays, travelogues, "penny press"

romanticism

Edgar Allan Poe -> The Black Cat, Annabel lee, The Rave, The Fall of the House

romanticism (dark)

Washington Irving -> Rip Van Winkle

romanticism (dark)

Nathaniel Hawthorne -> Legend of Sleepy Hollow

romanticism (dark)

A period characterized by a change away from traditional religious sources of authority and a move toward science and rational thought

Age of Reason

Mid 1600s to the end of the 1700s

Age of Reason

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes are the Fathers of the Enlightenment

Age of Reason

Early scientists = philosphers

Age of Reason

Newton created calculus and discovered laws of motion and gravity

Age of Reason

Distrusted the mythical and mysterious

Age of Reason

human reason was glorified (logic and reason can solve issues)

Age of Reason

faith in senses (empiricism)

Age of Reason

sense of ntionalism

Age of Reason

belief in progress through education

Age of Reason

belief in basic human goodness

Age of Reason

God created the universe but is not involved (deism)

Age of Reason

political documents, autobiographies, speeches, pamphlets, tracts

Age of Reason

Benjamin Franklin -> Poor Richard's Almanac

Age of Reason

Thomas Jefferson -> Declaration fo Independence

Age of Reason

Samuel Adams -> constitution

Age of Reason

Patrick Henry -> speech to the second virginia convention

Age of Reason

Thomas Paine -> Common Sense

Age of Reason

World can be understood and explained

Age of Reason

nature is governed by laws

Age of Reason

Cause and Effect - there is a rational explanation for each natural phenomenon

Age of Reason