Viral envelopes can best be analyzed with which of the following techniques?
A) use of 15N to label specific nucleotides
B) antibodies against specific proteins not found in the host membranes
C) DNA staining and visualization with the light microscope
D) use of plaque assays for quantitative measurement of viral titer
E) immunofluorescent tagging of capsid proteins

antibodies against specific proteins not found in the host membranes

The host range of a virus is determined by
A) the enzymes carried by the virus.
B) whether its nucleic acid is DNA or RNA.
C) the proteins in the host's cytoplasm.
D) the enzymes produced by the virus before it infects the cell.
E) the proteins on its surface and that of the host.

the proteins on its surface and that of the host.

Which of the following accounts for someone who has had a herpesvirus-mediated cold sore
or genital sore getting flare-ups for the rest of his or her life?
A) re-infection by a closely related herpesvirus of a different strain
B) re-infection by the same herpesvirus strain
C) co-infection with an unrelated virus that causes the same symptoms
D) copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei
E) copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host cell cytoplasm

copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei

In many ways, the regulation of the genes of a particular group of viruses will be similar to the
regulation of the host genes. Therefore, which of the following would you expect of the genes of
the bacteriophage?
A) regulation via acetylation of histones
B) positive control mechanisms rather than negative
C) control of more than one gene in an operon
D) reliance on transcription activators
E) utilization of eukaryotic polymerases

control of more than one gene in an operon

Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle?
A) Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced.
B) Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome.
C) The viral genome replicates without destroying the host.
D) A large number of phages are released at a time.
E) The virus-host relationship usually lasts for generations.

A large number of phages are released at a time.

Which of the following statements describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda (λ) phage?
A) After infection, the viral genes immediately turn the host cell into a lambda-producing
factory, and the host cell then lyses.
B) Most of the prophage genes are activated by the product of a particular prophage gene.
C) The phage genome replicates along with the host genome.
D) Certain environmental triggers can cause the phage to exit the host genome, switching from
the lytic to the lysogenic.
E) The phage DNA is incorporated by crossing over into any nonspecific site on the host cell's
DNA.

The phage genome replicates along with the host genome.

Most molecular biologists think that viruses originated from fragments of cellular nucleic
acid. Which of the following observations supports this theory?
A) Viruses contain either DNA or RNA.
B) Viruses are enclosed in protein capsids rather than plasma membranes.
C) Viruses can reproduce only inside host cells.
D) Viruses can infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
E) Viral genomes are usually similar to the genome of the host cell.

Viral genomes are usually similar to the genome of the host cell.

A researcher lyses a cell that contains nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres of tobacco
mosaic virus (TMV). The cell contents are left in a covered test tube overnight. The next day this
mixture is sprayed on tobacco plants. Which of the following would be expected to occur?
A) The plants would develop some but not all of the symptoms of the TMV infection.
B) The plants would develop symptoms typically produced by viroids.
C) The plants would develop the typical symptoms of TMV infection.
D) The plants would not show any disease symptoms.
E) The plants would become infected, but the sap from these plants would be unable to infect
other plants.

The plants would develop the typical symptoms of TMV infection.

Which viruses have single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis?
A) lytic phages
B) proviruses
C) viroids
D) bacteriophages
E) retroviruses

retroviruses

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
A) It hydrolyzes the host cell's DNA.
B) It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
C) It converts host cell RNA into viral DNA.
D) It translates viral RNA into proteins.
E) It uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strands.

It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.

Why do RNA viruses appear to have higher rates of mutation?
A) RNA nucleotides are more unstable than DNA nucleotides.
B) Replication of their genomes does not involve proofreading.
C) RNA viruses replicate faster.
D) RNA viruses can incorporate a variety of nonstandard bases.
E) RNA viruses are more sensitive to mutagens.

Replication of their genomes does not involve proofreading.

Which of the following can be effective in preventing the onset of viral infection in humans?
A) taking vitamins
B) getting vaccinated
C) taking antibiotics
D) applying antiseptics
E) taking nucleoside analogs that inhibit transcription

getting vaccinated

Which of the following describes plant virus infections?
A) They can be controlled by the use of antibiotics.
B) They are spread via the plasmodesmata.
C) They have little effect on plant growth.
D) They are seldom spread by insects.
E) They can never be passed vertically.

They are spread via the plasmodesmata.

The difference between vertical and horizontal transmission of plant viruses is that
A) vertical transmission is transmission of a virus from a parent plant to its progeny, and
horizontal transmission is one plant spreading the virus to another plant.
B) vertical transmission is the spread of viruses from the upper leaves to the lower leaves of the
plant, and horizontal transmission is the spread of a virus among leaves at the same general level.
C) vertical transmission is the spread of viruses from trees and tall plants to bushes and other
smaller plants, and horizontal transmission is the spread of viruses among plants of similar size.
D) vertical transmission is the transfer of DNA from one type of plant virus to another, and
horizontal transmission is the exchange of DNA between two plant viruses of the same type.
E) vertical transmission is the transfer of DNA from a plant of one species to a plant of a
different species, and horizontal transmission is the spread of viruses among plants of the same
species.

vertical transmission is transmission of a virus from a parent plant to its progeny, and
horizontal transmission is one plant spreading the virus to another plant.

Which of the following is the best predictor of how much damage a virus causes?
A) ability of the infected cell to undergo normal cell division
B) ability of the infected cell to carry on translation
C) whether the infected cell produces viral protein
D) whether the viral mRNA can be transcribed
E) how much toxin the virus produces

ability of the infected cell to undergo normal cell division

Antiviral drugs that have become useful are usually associated with which of the following
properties?
A) ability to remove all viruses from the infected host
B) interference with viral replication
C) prevention of the host from becoming infected
D) removal of viral proteins
E) removal of viral mRNAs

interference with viral replication

Which of the following series best reflects what we know about how the flu virus moves
between species?
A) An avian flu virus undergoes several mutations and rearrangements such that it is able to be
transmitted to other birds and then to humans.
B) The flu virus in a pig is mutated and replicated in alternate arrangements so that humans who
eat the pig products can be infected.
C) A flu virus from a human epidemic or pandemic infects birds; the birds replicate the virus
differently and then pass it back to humans.
D) An influenza virus gains new sequences of DNA from another virus, such as a herpesvirus;
this enables it to be transmitted to a human host.
E) An animal such as a pig is infected with more than one virus, genetic recombination occurs,
the new virus mutates and is passed to a new species such as a bird, and the virus mutates and
can be transmitted to humans.

An animal such as a pig is infected with more than one virus, genetic recombination occurs,
the new virus mutates and is passed to a new species such as a bird, and the virus mutates and
can be transmitted to humans.

Which of the following is the most probable fate of a newly emerging virus that causes high
mortality in its host?
A) It is able to spread to a large number of new hosts quickly because the new hosts have no
immunological memory of them.
B) The new virus replicates quickly and undergoes rapid adaptation to a series of divergent hosts.
C) A change in environmental conditions such as weather patterns quickly forces the new virus
to invade new areas.
D) Sporadic outbreaks will be followed almost immediately by a widespread pandemic.
E) The newly emerging virus will die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less lethal.

The newly emerging virus will die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less lethal.

Which of the three types of viruses shown in Figure 17.1 would you expect to include
glycoproteins?
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II only
E) all three

I and II only

Which of the three types of viruses shown in Figure 17.1 would you expect to include a
capsid(s)?
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II only
E) all three

all three

In Figure 17.2, at the arrow marked II, what enzyme(s) are being utilized?
A) reverse transcriptase
B) viral DNA polymerase
C) host cell DNA polymerase
D) host cell RNA polymerase
E) host cell DNA and RNA polymerases

host cell DNA polymerase

In Figure 17.2, when new viruses are being assembled (IV), what mediates the assembly?
A) host cell chaperones
B) assembly proteins coded for by the host nucleus
C) assembly proteins coded for by the viral genes
D) viral RNA intermediates
E) nothing; they self-assemble

nothing; they self-assemble

Based on Table 17.1, which virus meets the Baltimore requirements for a retrovirus?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

D

Based on Table 17.1, which virus meets the requirements for a bacteriophage?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

A

If the yellow mottle virus capsid has 20 facets, how many proteins form each facet?
A) 1
B) 5
C) 9
D) 20
E) 180

9

If scientists are trying to use what they know about HSV to devise a means of protecting other
people from being infected, which of the following would have the best chance of lowering the
number of new cases of infection?
A) vaccination of all persons with preexisting cases
B) interference with new viral replication in preexisting cases
C) treatment of the HSV lesions to shorten the breakout
D) medication that destroys surface HSV before it gets to neurons
E) education about avoiding sources of infection

interference with new viral replication in preexisting cases

In electron micrographs of HSV infection, it can be seen that the intact virus initially reacts
with cell-surface proteoglycans, then with specific receptors. This is later followed by viral
capsids docking with nuclear pores. Afterward, the capsids go from being full to being "empty."
Which of the following best fits these observations?
A) Viral capsids are needed for the cell to become infected; only the capsids enter the nucleus.
B) The viral envelope is not required for infectivity, since the envelope does not enter the
nucleus.
C) Only the genetic material of the virus is involved in the cell's infectivity, and is injected like
the genome of a phage.
D) The viral envelope mediates entry into the cell, the capsid enters into the nuclear membrane,
and the genome is all that enters the nucleus.
E) The viral capsid mediates entry into the cell, and only the genomic DNA enters the nucleus,
where it may or may not replicate.

The viral envelope mediates entry into the cell, the capsid enters into the nuclear membrane,
and the genome is all that enters the nucleus.

In order to be able to remain latent in an infected live cell, HSV must be able to shut down
what process?
A) DNA replication
B) transcription of viral genes
C) apoptosis of a virally infected cell
D) all immune responses
E) interaction with histones

apoptosis of a virally infected cell

Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to both bacteria
and viruses?
A) metabolism
B) ribosomes
C) genetic material composed of nucleic acid
D) cell division
E) independent existence

genetic material composed of nucleic acid

Emerging viruses arise by
A) mutation of existing viruses.
B) the spread of existing viruses to new host species.
C) the spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

all of the above

A human pandemic is
A) a viral disease that infects all humans.
B) a flu that kills more than 1 million people.
C) an epidemic that extends around the world.
D) a viral disease that can infect multiple species.
E) a virus that increases in mortality rate as it spreads.

an epidemic that extends around the world.

A bacterium is infected with an experimentally constructed bacteriophage composed of the T2
phage protein coat and T4 phage DNA. The new phages produced will have
A) T2 protein and T4 DNA.
B) T2 protein and T2 DNA.
C) a mixture of the DNA and proteins of both phages.
D) T4 protein and T4 DNA.
E) T4 protein and T2 DNA.

T4 protein and T4 DNA.

RNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes because
A) host cells rapidly destroy the viruses.
B) host cells lack enzymes that can replicate the viral genome.
C) these enzymes translate viral mRNA into proteins.
D) these enzymes penetrate host cell membranes.
E) these enzymes cannot be made in host cells.

host cells lack enzymes that can replicate the viral genome.