Specie Circular

An executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson requiring that payment for the purchase of public lands be made executively in gold or silver. Van Buren and the Panic of 1837.

John C. Calhoun

The theory of nullification

National Republicans

Republicans who favored a national bank and federal funding for internal improvements like roads, canals, and bridges

Democratic Republicans

Saw itself as a champion of republicanism and denounced the Federalists as supporters of monarchy and aristocracy

Black Hawk War

Indian's were uprooted and forced to leave their homes

Trail of Tears

Cherokees' 800-mile journey from the Southern Appalachians to Indian Territory. Cherokee resistance through the courts.

Nicholas Biddle

Bank War

Baltimore and Ohio Company

America's first railroad

Western Union Telegraph Co

By 1860 all independent telegraph lines had joined under one organization

Seminole War

Conflict that began in Florida in 1817 between the Seminole Indians and the U.S. Army when the Seminoles resisted removal.

Lowell System

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers or live in around the mills.

Oberlin College

First college to admit women

Nativism

Anti-immigrant policy

Nullification

A doctrine forcefully made by John C. Calhoun in 1828, asserting that a state could invalidate federal legislation the state regarded as unconstitutional.

Cult of Domesticity

The ideal woman was seen as a self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a safe and peaceful place for her family.

Sarah Bagley

Labor leader

Elizabeth Keckley

American activist

Yeoman Farmer

Owned his own modest farm and worked it primarily with family labor remains the embodiment of the ideal American.

Pidgin

Slave language and music

Hill People

Southern lower class for white people

In the 1830's a fully formed two-party system emerged. What two parties came out of this system?

The Whig party and the Democrats

What was the process of nullification? Who proposed it, and what was he hoping to remedy?

A political dispute between the Federal Government and the government of South Carolina over tariffs that were designated to protect manufactures in the Northern states who were competing with British manufactures.

Who were the five civilized tribes who were forcibly removed during Jackson's Indian Removal Program? Which tribe offered the most resistance, and was the only incomplete removal?

Cherokee, Muscogee (creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations

What is the difference between the hard money and the soft money fractions?

Hard money wanted gold or silver currency and not paper money the national bank printed. Soft money printed more paper money at state levels.

What caused the increase in population in the nation in the 1800's? What were the predominant nations immigrants came from?

Many people immigrated to the U.S. due to crop failure, land, and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine in their home countries.

Nativism rose tremendously in the mid-19th century.What was this in reaction to? What political parties that developed out of this movement?

In reaction to the potato famine and the fleeing famine also because Americans thought that they would steal their jobs. Political parties that developed were nativist political parties.

What group emerged and grew in importance during the 19th century?

Native American/ know nothing party

How did the railroads, industry, and telegraph lead to sectional divisions and resentment between the North and South?

The Northern states had more railroads

How did the telegraph revolutionize the newspaper industry?

Provided instant communication

What was the main source of income in the South? Why did this cause them to be more dependent on the Northern states?

Cotton, because the land taken from the natives were very fertile

What careers were considered suitable for a southern gentleman? Which were considered coarse?

Soldiers, planters, commerce, and banking

What were the terms of the slave codes in the South, and were they uniformly enforced? What systems of labor used on slave plantations?

The slaves weren't allowed to leave property, their masters, be out late, see others unless at church, carry guns, hit white people even in self defense, testify against whites, or educate other slaves. Task system and gang system

How was the life of city slave more likely to allow them to purchase their freedom?

They were able to gain connections to more jobs by meeting new people

Since only 25% of southerners were slave owners, how were they able to stay in control of the South?

They were very wealthy so they were considered very powerful.

What were some forms of non-violent resistance that slaves used?

Refusal to work, slowing down, stealing, loosing or breaking tools, and performing tasks bad

What ways were spiritualists used by slaves?

Using music to describe their struggles, and send messages