Sociometric Status Variability

¨ Culturally, sociometrics are pretty similar
¤ In China, shyness/withdrawal is more accepted
when compared to US
¨ Status is typically stable in the short term
¨ Long term, sociometrics are variable
¤ New friends
¤ Larger environment
¤ Less care for what others think

Sociometric Status is rapping up generally we know that it is pretty similar prompt culturally so we look at different countries and we compare these different peer groups for peer identification average the only difference that is in China and South eastern cultures China from withdrawal is more accepted than compared to the US so sometimes that's not seen as a bad thing we know that status is typically the old when we're looking short term so throughout you know there were four years of high school maybe the last three years elementary school your socialmetric status probably gonna remain this state you're in that same group of people and their perception that you may or may not but long term thinking about that question of do these still apply in college long term social metrics are variable and left so we're not preoccupied by this anymore by what other people that case you're very early may vary quite a bit different skip for Speaking of getting

Neglected children are:

A. infrequently nominated as someone's best
friend and are actively disliked by their
peers.
B. are infrequently nominated as a best friend
but are not disliked by their peers.
C. frequently nominated as a best friend and
are rarely disliked by their peers.
D. frequently nominated both as someone's
best friend and as being disliked

B. are infrequently nominated as a best friend
but are not disliked by their peers

Emotional Development

Perspective taking à emotional reaction

¨ Emotional coping
¤ Problem-centered coping
n What can I do to change this situation?
Study more! Apologize!

Emotional coping
¤ Problem-centered coping
n What can I do to change this situation?
¤ Emotion-centered coping
n Aimed at controlling event-related distress

emotional development here when we're entering this middle childhood stage from age 7 to 11 we start to take other people's perspectives and much more often and this leads to the new way of reacting to others so we've gone from our egocentric phase so we're thinking you know now we're suffering that concrete operational so we're leaving egocentrism behind we're getting better at we can take other people's beliefs and understand that there's different all of this related to how we interact with others right how do we be polite or not polite even if that politeness is not what you want to express how do you transition between what you want to say and what you should say in terms of a politeness of process so display rules are what's that kind of shift we have to learn when it is appropriate to say what we're actually feeling versus when it's appropriate to hide that keep it so it's super easy paradigm we can offer kids disappointing so if you've ever gotten in your life you probably understand that you have to stay you really thought of me and I'm still gonna right but maybe internally you're like I literally don't even shop at TJ Maxx Tuesday morning I was gonna say like that would be weird like if you shot there something like that yeah so you're like man I already have 5 something of that nature and kids are typically getting gifts that they may not super warm right maybe they're super into legos and that's their whole Christmas list but their parents say OK well you need some socks right and then you get this took off one LEGO set from my from my list so what's up with that so we're gonna see the transition from that early age you know five years old up to seven or bold.

From 5 to 7 to 11 there is a much more mature response at 11.

So in grad school I worked on a project that was looking at pro social life so how do kids shift their display rules and why do people depending on the context so we looked at that behavior alongside curriculum social vision so how does your parents talked to you about what's polite how to be grateful and how t

What constitutes a family?

Varies across cultures
¨ In the US:
¤ “A family is a group of two people or more (one of whom is the
householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and
residing together” (US Census Bureau)
¨ Families promote:
¤ Survival of offspring
¤ Economic function
¤ Cultural training

so we get to talk about some family stuff for the rest of the class today enjoyable as well So what constitutes

your parents or it's your grandparents or blah blah blah right it has a lot to do with the people who support you or the people who are your most intimate relational who knows the most about you who knows what you like what you dislike how it help you write matter what we know that the family structure is going to vary across cultures and it varies individually right there is not a single person that has the same exact same structure in somebody else in the US though generally the definition of the census uses is the feeling Socioemotional development continues throughout middle childhood ¨ Families play an important role in shaping children’s cognitive and social developmentpeople who work more one of whom is the householder and these people are related by birth marriage or adoption and they reside together so this is a little different from the more broad definitions that I got here these people are people surround you they care about you that support you at least in terms of the census right you wanna know what household looks like so how many people exist in that role we know that families promote the survival talk spring so if you choose to have children at some point typically having you know at least two parents is beneficial for that child right and for that partnership so that it's not all of one parent to raise the offspring but of course people can do it on their own that's fine as well economic function so having people in the household that are contributing to the income of that so whether you live in a two parent family or a grandparent parent family typically there's gonna be someone that's working in that scenario and providing and then cultural training is huge as well so depending on your family structure how do you learn about life how do you learn how to be an achievement right is your family really close knit is your family religious is your family more spread out more independent autonomous is your family less of what a typical America

Only-Children

Historical increase in one child familiesSimilarities to children
with siblings
¤ Personality
¨ Advantages
¤ Higher self-esteem
¤ Academic performance
¨ Disadvantages
¤ Less well-accepted in peer
group

so with only children so you I'm sure are only children and I apologize I didn't see you right out but we know that older children are much more common in modern times to previous so why do we think that only children are on the rise in this tracks not only with this graph which is from the 90s and 2012 but also this graph who's looking at or which is looking at this through about 28 yeah contraceptives are big so we have more access to reproductive reproductive education sexual education for sure yeah for sure I thought OK absolutely modern medicine are more likely to survive compared to previous generations yeah absolutely anybody else hi divorce rate so having one child before you worse and then maybe more children after that potentially that could be part of it I don't know the exact like staff on that but I think it could be an influence of the secularization of society in some ways exactly there are changes in what we expect from women so to speak so we don't have to have children unless we want to right and it's up to you know that right and it could be formed by religion could be formed by the family and just generally what you like to do some people are more quote nurturing or motherly than others so that's OK right it's also kind of how many is enough to yourself size with being a parent right for a lot of people that's turned into one to two children or no children but we still have people who are having lots of children right yeah sure yeah so we see there's that kind of a dipping into a conversation that we might have later which is like designer babies you can kind of pick and choose what you want with certain you know biological technologies which is insane yeah ohh because now women are working and men also work usually so there's not really anyone in the home to like raise the children besides like you have to take them to a care facility or something and a lot of people don't wanna have to pay for that first of all and second of all there's a lot of abuse and stuff that people don't wanna have kids because like it's just not feasible to raise a child when both parents are working sure yeah so it's really challenging to raise your child and potentially you

Divorce

¨ Each year, approximately 1 million children
experience the divorce of their parents
¤ At greater risk
n Academically
n Emotionally (e.g., depression)
n Socially
n Psychologically (self-esteem)
¤ However, most are not significant or enduring

Influence dependent on:
¤ Level of parental conflict
n Does the child feel caught in the middle?
¤ Stress
¤ Age of the child
¤ Contact with noncustodial parent
¤ Custody arrangements

so we are going to talk briefly about divorce and then maternal employment we've already talked a little bit about maternal employment so that's but divorce is an important family structural change that can sometimes we did in that early childhood age range and continued throughout the West right each year approximately 1,000,000 children experience the divorce of their parents when we're thinking about the very immediate aftermath effects right we see that these kids struggle a little bit academically emotionally socially and psychologically right so divorce is a big change but it's also important to note that after those first 2-3 years these effects are not long term so if the family unit restructures relatively quickly and goes back to the some sort of stability then this is really beneficial for child right or children it also really depends on the parent child relationships custody arrangements we talked about in the following slide So what makes the divorce problematic for long term outcomes has to do with these different markers here how how much conflict between your parents do you speak or do you hear do you feel caught in the middle so are you a liaison between mom and dad or between you know volume one whoever that caught in the middle feeling is really problematic right and makes them feel like they're not valued as a child right or as this person's family rather they are kind of organizational mechanism between these two adults it also parentified the child to where they're having to mitigate pretty big adult things right obviously the amount of stress that comes in with a door so is that financial stress is an emotional stress how old you are is influential we know that divorces that occur at anytime show those you know typical difficulties at the onset but more long term outcomes we see with children whose parents get divorced in early or little childhood sometimes in adolescence and ofte

Parental Employment

¨ Self-care children/Latchkey Kids
¤ a child who returns to an empty home after
school (or other activities) who is often left at
home with no supervision because their parents
are away at work.
¤ Kids who experience this do not usually
have overarching negative outcomes –
it promotes independence
n Negative Factors – SES, neighborhood, peer groups

parental employment is something that we've kind of touched on a little bit all day today we know that mothers are in the workforce more often than they were previously which means that the likelihood that both of your parents are working is much higher than it used to be right so we see the emergence of self-care or last children right these are kids who return to an empty house after school or other activities and when they're at home they're often not supervised right they're kind of on their own because parents are at work so this doesn't necessarily mean that these kids are alone for extended periods of time right the school day is typically 8 hours so maybe parrot drops them off at school and then hit rides the bus home for you know two to three to four hours kid might be responsible for doing your homework right and keeping themselves entertained until parents get home from work we know that this is not a negative experience for most children in fact it promotes their independence and their autonomy right they are responsible for getting the things done that they need to get done in their home they may also internalize some safety rules right you always lock the door behind you you don't tell people that you're going home to an empty house right the only negative factor is that you can be influential here are your socioeconomic status so if you're going and you don't have adequate food sources there that can be a problem right if you're going home and the heat not off right or the air conditioning is not off that's not ideal here right that you live in right is it a safe area is in a dangerous area somewhere in the middle right and the peer groups that you hang out with do your friends say hey you're home with all go party at your house until your parents get home right or hey you're home alone come out with us forget your homework right that's where we can see some negative effects of the flash

Maternal Employment

¤ Historical
increase in
maternal
employment
¤ 1955: 18%
¤ 2017: 58% of
infant mothers
¤ 2019: 66% of
infant mothers
¤ 2020: 75%
of mothers with
6-17yo

¨ Effect of maternal employment
¨ Cognitive functioning
¨ Behavioral functioning
¨ Gender stereotypes
¨ Effects influenced by:
¨ Maternal satisfaction
¨ Work-related stress

Does daycare have positive or negative
effects on child development?

¨ It depends!
¤ Quality of care
n Class sizes
n Caregiver-to-child ratio
n Education of caregivers
¤ Amount of time spent in care
¤ After school support
¤ Parent- child interactions

Compared to children with
siblings, only children
A. are higher in self-esteem.
B. are more accepted by peers.
C. exhibit higher rates of antisocial behavior.
D. display poorer social skills.

A

Out the Door Messages

Socioemotional development continues throughout
middle childhood
¨ Families play an important role in shaping
children’s cognitive and social development