appeal to ignorance

when someone argues that a claim is true simply because it hasn't been proven false. Or claim is false because It hasn't been proven true.

relies on lack of evidence against or for a claim as basis for accepting or rejecting.

hasty generalization

when a conclusion Is drawn from insufficient evidence.

a general statement is made on a group based on small or biased sample that doesn't adequately represent the entire group

false cause

one assumes that just because one event follows another, the 1st event must have caused the 2nd event.

mistakenly assumes cause and effect relationship between 2 events based solely on their temporal sequence

Slippery slope

logical fallacy in which it is claimed that a relatively small 1st step will inevitably lead to a chain of related events culminating in some significant ( usually negative ) outcome

argument suggests that if 1st step it taken it will start a chain of reaction that cannot be stopped resulting in dire consequence

appeal to ignorance example

no one has proven ghosts real, so they must be fake.

there's no evidence of aliens being real, so aliens don't exist.

hasty generalization example

I met 2 people from Atlanta Georgia and they were both rude. therefore, everyone from atl must be rude

false cause example

I wore my lucky socks to my exam and got an A, therefore my lucky socks caused me to get a good grade

slippery slope example

if we allow students to use their phones during lunch break, theyll become addicted to their phones, leading to POOR academic performance

weak analogy

occurs when an analogy is drawn between 2 things that aren't sufficiently similar to support the conclusion being argued.

the comparison between 2 things is flawed because the differences between them outweigh the similarities making the analogy weak and unreliable.

euphanism

a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.

A euphemism is an innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant.

Some euphemisms are intended to amuse, while others use bland, inoffensive terms for concepts that the user wishes to downplay.

utilitarianism 1

actions are to be judged right or wrong solely by virtue of their consequences. Nothing else matters.

each person's happiness counts the same

utilitarianism 2

Actions are judged to be right or wrong only on the basis of their consequences. The only consequence that matters is whether happiness or unhappiness results. . Everything else is irrelevant.

utilitarianism as mill put it

the happiness which forms the utilitarian standard of what is right in conduct, is not the agent's own happiness, but that of all concerned.

right actions are those that produce the greatest possible balance of happiness over unhappiness, with each person's happiness counted as equally important.

inductive arguments

assuming the premises is true, the conclusion could be true of false.

based on ASSUMPTION that the premises is true, there is a probability or chance that the conclusion is true.

deductive arguments

assuming that the premises is true, conclusion is necessarily true.

based on the ASSUMPTION that the premises are true, the conclusion MUST be true.

Analytic philosophers

committed to being logical and scientific in their approach.

Believe that some of the issues in Phil are pseudo-problems, or misunderstanding caused by misusing language

they believe that by using well defined language they can avoid problems in philosophy

Continential philosophy

Use poetic language in their work so, they have little commitment to logic and rationality.

for this reason alone, they can be seen as not being systematic in perusing their agendas and accordingly less critical

(not so critical when challenging ideas and claims)

Sam Harris's proposal

understanding morality based on scientific approach.

argues that moral values and principles can be objectively determined through a scientific understanding of human well-being

harris suggests that

moral questions ultimately revolve around the well-being of conscious beings, and that science can provide us with insight into what actions and behaviors promote or diminish well-being.