piaget theory

goes through 4 stages of cognitive development to understand of the world

sensorimotor (0-2)

coordinating sensory experiences with physical action

preoperational (2-7)

represent the world with words and images

concrete operational (7-11)

concrete events and classify objects into different sets

formal operational (11-adult)

more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways

prefrontal cortex

planning and organizing new action and maintaining attention to tasks

2 changes that begun before birth contributers

# and size of dendrites increase

myelination

myelination

covered with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed and travels through the nervous system

gross motor skills

involve large muscle activites as moving arms and walking

fine motor skills

finely tuned movement, grasping a toy

symbolic function substage (2-4)

ability to mentally represent an object that is not present

egocentrism

inability to distinguish one's own perspective from someone else

animism

belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

intuitive thought changes (4-7)

use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to questions

centration

centering attention on one characteristics

conservation

altering a substance's appearance

zone of proximal development

range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance

attention

focusing of mental resources on select info

executive attention

action planning

sustained attention

focused and extended engagement with object, task, event

memory

retention of info overtime

short-term memory

retain up to 30 secs

rehearsal

repeating info after it has been presented

autobiographical

memory of significant events and experiences in one's life

executive function

encompasses higher-level cognitive processes

theory of mind

awarness of one's own mental process and mental processes of others

2-3 has 3 stages

perception, emotions, desire

4-5

realization that others have false beliefs

phonology

sounds work in language

morphology

involved in word formation

syntax

involves the way words are combined to form phrases

semantics

meaning of words and sentences

pragmatics

appropriate use of language in different contexts

child-centered kindergarten

emphasizes education of the whole child and promoting physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development

Montessori Approach

given freedom and spontaneity in choosing activites

developmenally appropriate practice

typical developmental patterns of children within a particular age span

project head start

designed to provide children from low-income families opportunities to acquire skill for success in school

freud's theory

human personality developed through a series of stages around satifications

Anal Stage (1 1/2-3)

gain an interalized sense of right and wrong and a relationship with authority

Phallic Stage (3-6)

develops sex and gender awareness, conscience, and ego-ideal more well-developed

Erikson

8 stages of development unfolded

Autonomy v shame and doubt (1 1/2-3)

act independently although without a plan

initiative v guilt (3-5)

makes things happen for a reason

self understanding

involves self recognition

self conscious emotions

pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt

moral development

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules

moral feeling

feeling of anxiety

heteronomous morality

justice and rules, removed from the control of people

autonomous morality

aware that rules and laws are created by people

immanent justice

a rule is broken, punishment must be meted out immediately

moral behavior

explain the development of moral behavior

gender roles

prescribes how females or males should act

gender identify

sense of being male of female

social role theory

gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men

psychoanalytic

develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent

social cognitive

occurs through observation and imitations of what others say

mothers' socialization strategies

socialize daughters to be more obedient that sons

fathers strategies

more attention to son than daughters

gender schema theory

develop gender schemas of its appropriate/ inappropriate in their culture

baumrind's parenting styles

stresses that parents should be neither punitive nor aloof

authoritarian

restrictive parenting

neglectful

uninvolved

indulgent

involved w/child but place few demands or control on them

authoritative

encourage to be independent but has limited

punishment

coporal punishment linked to lower levels of moral internalization and mental health

coparenting

support that parents give each other in raising a child

child maltreatment

physical abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse,emotional abuse

context of abuse

1/3 of parents who are abused become the abusers

body growth and change

middle and late childhood as a slow, consistent growth

brain

total brain volumes stabilizes

5-14 year olds

has cancer and leukemia is common and live longer

learning disability

difficulty in learning that 80% has a problem w/ reading

dyslexia

impairment in the ability to read and spell

dysgraphia

difficulty in handwriting

dyscalculia

developmental arithmeitc disorder

ADHD

characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Autism spectrum disorder

ranger from autistic disorder to asperger syndrome

autitistic

more severe disorder, problems w/sound, skills, and repetitive

asperger

milder disorder, good verbal language skills

individuals w/ disabilities education improvement act

provides educational services to children w/ disabilites

individualized education plan

written statement for disabled students

least restrictive environment

possible to the one in which non-disabled kids are educated

inclusion

educating a child with special needs in a regular classroom

info processing focus

attention, memory, and strategies to process info

long term

knowledge and expertise

elaboration

engages in info

strategies

deliberate mental activities that improve the info

verbatim

precise details of info

gist

central idea

seriation

involves ordering stimuli

transitivity

ability to logically combine relations to understand conclusions

working memory

manipulate and assemble info making decisions

neo-piagetians

attention, memory and strategies to process info

thinking

manipulating and transforming info

critical thinking

thinking reflectively

creatively thinking

think in unusual way

convergent

produces one correct answer

divergent

produces many answer

metacognition

knowing about knowing

triarchic theory of intelligence

sternberg's theory that intelligence consists of creative intelligence

stereotype

anxiety that one's behavior might confirm a negative stereotype about one's group

intelligence disability

limited mental ability

organic intellectual disability

physical damage and is caused by a genetic disorder

cultural-familial

no evidence of organic brain damage

metalinguistic awareness

knowledge about language

whole-language

reading instructions should be parallel to child's language

perspective thinking

social cognitive process involved in assuming in the perspective of others

self-efficacy

belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

preconventional

controlled by exertnal rewards and punishment

conventional

develops expectation about social roles

postconventional

flexible thinking and more interalized

justice perspective

right of individuals

care perspective

veiws people in terms of connectedness with others

domain theory of moral development

identifies different domains of social knowledge

social conventional reasons

control behavior and maintain the social system using conventional rules

constructivist

constructing their knowledged

direct instruction approach

teacher control

mindset

cognitive view that develop themselves

sensorimotor play

derived pleasure from exercise

practice play

repetition of behavior

pretense/symbolic

transform the physical environment

social

social interactions with peers

constructive

child engage in self-regulated

fast mapping

explains how young kids learn between a word and its referent