Neutrophils

Phagocytize and digest pathogens

Monocytes

Mature into macrophages and engulf pathogens

Macrophages

Phagocytize pathogens and debris, present antigens to T cells

Dendritic Cells

Capture and present antigens to T cells, important in initiating immune responses

Eosinophils

Involved in the defense against parasites and allergic reactions

White Blood Cells

Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cell, Eosinophils

Lymphocytes

Helper T Cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Regulatory T cells, Memory cells, Plasma cells, NK cells

Helper T Cells (CD4+ T Cells)

Coordinate immune responses, activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells

Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+ T Cells)

Destroy infected or abnormal cells

Regulatory T Cells (Tregs)

Suppress immune responses to prevent excessive reactions

Plasma Cells

Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) that neutralize pathogens

Memory B Cells

"Remember" previous encounters with pathogens for a faster response upon re-exposure

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Recognize and destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells

Granulocytes:

Basophils, Mast Cells

Basophils

Release histamine and other mediators involved in allergic reactions

Mast Cells

Release histamine and other inflammatory substances in response to allergens

Phagocytes

Various cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, are involved in phagocytosis—engulfing and digesting pathogens

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells present antigens to T cells to initiate immune responses.

MHC Class

Present endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells

MHC Class II

Present exogenous antigens to helper T cells

Cytokines

Small proteins that act as signaling molecules between immune cells

Antigens

Antigens are molecules (often proteins or polysaccharides) that can trigger an immune response

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins):

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bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction or neutralization. They play a crucial role in humoral immunity

Complement System

A group of proteins that enhance the immune response by promoting phagocytosis, attracting immune cells, and forming membrane attack complexes to destroy pathogen.

Humoral Immunity

A component of the adaptive immune system that involves the production of antibodies by B cells. These antibodies circulate in the bloodstream and other bodily fluids, targeting and neutralizing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

Innate Immunity

The first line of defense in the immune system that provides immediate, non-specific protection against a wide range of pathogens. It includes physical and chemical barriers, as well as cellular components such as phagocytes and natural killer cells.

Passive Immunity

Immunity is acquired through the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one individual to another

Active Immunity

Immunity is developed by the body's Immune system in response to exposure to a pathogen or through vaccination