Girolamo Fracastoro

• Published research regarding Syphillis in 1530.
• Published findings regarding epidemic diseases.
• Tiny, unseen organisms were spread by several means including contact between infected hosts etc, indirect contact, carried on clothing/air.

Robert Hooke

• Designed compound microscope
• Published "Micrografia", used the term cell to describe small, honeycomb spaces.
• His discovery was the beginning of cell theory.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

• 1st to observe and record bacteria : 1673
• Used single lens microscope and studied rainwater, saliva, and semen -- called these findings "animalcules"
• Reported to Royal Society of London

Francesco Redi

• Attempted to disprove abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)
• Placed 3 pieces of meat, some covered and some not covered, not successful.

John Needham

• performed experiments with meat broths that became infested with microbes.

Lazzaro Spallanzani

• Showed that heat/boiling was able to kill or prevent microbial growth.

Edward Jenner

• Developed 1st vaccination against smallpox.
• Inoculated 8yr old boy with fluid from blisters of a milkmaid with cowpox.

Ignaz Semmelweis

• Witness high fatality rates from puerperal fever.
• Correlated infection rate with the frequency of handwashing with chlorinated lime between treatment of patients. Result was dramatic reduction.

Louis Pasteur

• Dismantled spontaneous generation
• Conducted controlled experiment by using short necked flasks and swan necks.
• No microbial growth was observed in swan neck.

Joseph Lister

• Established principle of aseptic technique.
• Spraying wounds, incisions, dressings, and used phenol as hand scrub.
• Wearing gloves, changing gowns, and cleaning/disinfecting inst before next case.

Robert Koch

• Discovered Bacillus Anthracis, from cattle that died of anthrax.
• Announced that cause of TB was rod shaped bacteria, called mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Pure culture technique

Paul Ehrilich

• Chemotherapy
• Provided first "magic bullet" Salavarsan effective against Syphillis

Alexander Fleming

• Discovered Penicillin

Breaking Chain of Disease Transmission

• Human to human
• Animal to human
• Environment to animal to human
• Insect to animal to human
• Bioterrorist attacks
• PPE
• Set of guidelines

Standard Precautions

• CDC guidelines

Transmission Based Precautions

• Contact
• Droplet
• Airborne

Surgical Conscience

• Guiding principles under which ST practice

Microbiology

• Study of life under microscope.

Aseptic

• Without infection

Bacteria

Single cell, come in different shapes.

Prokaryotes

• Living entities without a nucleus

Eukaryotes

• Living entities with a nucleus (EU=True)

Spore

• Resistant form of bacteria, hard to kill, reason why we sterilize our instruments

Vegetative State for bacteria

• Coming back to life

Chemical Indicator

• Lets us know that sterilizer reached proper parameters.

Biological Indicator

• Determines sterility

Abiogenesis

Spontaneous generation