Median Plane

plane that divides the head, body, or limb longitudinally into equal left or right halves

Saggital plane

Plane that divides the head, body, or limb longitudinally into non-equal left or right halves

Transverse

Plane that cuts across the head, body, or limb at right angle to the median plane, this dividing it into cranial and caudal segments

Frontal/dorsal

Plane that runs at right angles to both the median and transverse planes by dividing the body or head into dorsal and vetral segments

Cranial

Towards or near the head

Caudal

Towads or near the tail

Dorsal

Towards or near the back or corresponding surface of the head, neck, thorax, and tail

Ventral

Towards or near the belly or corresponding surface of the head, neck, thorax, and tail

Rostral

Towards or near the nose and applies only to structures on the head

Medial

Towards or near the median plane

Lateral

Away or further from the median plane

Proximal

Closer or relatively near the body or origin

Distal

Away or further from the body or origin

Palmer

Area of the forelimb distal to the carpus referring to the back surface of the limb including the surface that contacts the group in the standing animal

Plantar

The area of the hindlimb distal to the tarsus referring to the back surface of the limb, including the surface that contacts the ground in the standing animal

Superficial

Near or relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ

Deep

Relatively near the center of the body or the center of a solid organ

Internal

Closer to a body cavity or the center of an organ

External

Farther away from a body cavity or the center of an organ

Flexion

Folding movement that decreases the angle between two bones, thus moving the bones closer together

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between two bones, thus moving the bones further apart

Abduct

To move a limb or part away from the median plane

Adduct

To move a limb or part around its long axis

Rotation

The movement of a limb that resembles a circle

Supination

Movement of a limb so the palmer/plantar surface is rotated medially or dorsally

Pronation

Medial movement of the palmer/plantar side of the paw so that it faces ventrally