Khorana (1961)

Continued to elucidate the mRNA codons

Nirenberg & Matthaei (1961)

Synthesized mRNA with known nucleotides to determine which amino acids are translated

Franklin & Wilkins (1953)

x-ray diffraction, determined the structure of DNA

Meselson & Stahl (1958)

Labeled parental DNA 15N and transferred to 14N, extract DNA after gen 1 and gen 2 to determine that replication is semi-conservative

Cech (1981)

Self splicing introns ( sign of ribozymatic activity)

Gilbert (1986)

RNA can both hold information and act catalytically, the ancestral biomolecule

Ingram(1957)

Mutation the result of one amino acid change results in protein structure changing

Yanofsky(1963)

Relative order of a mutation in a gene sequence is relative to the order of the protein sequence.

Lederberg & Tatum (1946)

Discovered gene exchange in E. coli, that physical contact is needed and transfer is directional.

Griffith (1928)

Rough and smooth strain of virus in mice. Non-living substance responsible for transformation.

Avery, MacLeod, & McCarty (1944)

Eliminated different components of a HK strain where when DNA was destroyed no transformation.

Hershey & Chase (1952)

Radioactively labeled T2 phage. Proved DNA was responsible for hereditary not proteins

Chargaff (1949)

Nucleotides are not equally represented

Beadle & Tatum (1940s)

Created mutant strain unable to synthesize arginine therefore connecting genes to metabolic pathways.

Sturtevant (1911)

Use recombinant frequencies to map spatial relationship of genes on the same chromosome.

Carothers (1913)

Demonstrated independent segregation in anaphase I using heteromorphic chromosomes in grasshoppers.

Morgan (1910)

Isolated red and white yes is drosophila and demonstrated sex linked genes.