Lipids

Storage lipids

membrane lipids

Lipids

Quick energy

Storage lipids

Triglycerols

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Phospholipids/ membrane

Glycerophospholipids

Sphingolipids

Lauric acid

12:0

Mystic acid

14:0

Palmitic Acid

16:0

Stearic acid

18:0

Arachidic acid

20:0

Palmitoleic acid

16:1(9)

Oleic acid

18:1(9)

Linoleic acid

18:2(9,12)

a-linolenic

18:3(9,12,15)

arachidonic acid

20:4(5,8,11,14)

double bonds confirmation

Cis configuration

omega

starts from the end

Linoleic acid

Omega-6 fatty acid

linolenic

Omega-3 fatty acid

increase chain length

decrase solubility

increase unsaturation

lower bp

adipocytes are

lipids where triacylglycerols are stored as fat by vertebrates

seeds store..

triacylglycerols for plants

lipase

enzyme that breaks down fat

advantages of using lipids for energy over sugar

• oxidation yields more energy
• Lipids do not carry the weight of water

Disadvantages of using lipids for energy over sugar

• They are insoluble and difficult to be transported
• Carbs/sugar is hydrophilic and highly soluble thus a quick source of energy

partial hydrogenation

add hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids

• increase shelf-life
• change cis-trans
• increase mp

LDL

bad

HDL

good

• H "healthy"

Waxes

• fatty acids with alcohol
• higher melting point

structural lipids

amphipathic

hydrophilic head

hydrophobic head

sterols

phosphatidic acid

H group

-2

Phosphatidylethabolamine

N+h3

0 charge

Phosphatidylcholine

Choline

0 charge

Phosphatidylserine

serine

-1

phosphatidylglycerol

glycerol

-1

c-1

saturated

C-2

unsaturated

shingolipid

polar head and 2 nonpolar tails

o connected to NH

phosphocholine in sphingoside

is sphingomyelin

sphingolipids

help determine blood types

Cholesterol

does not have a fatty acid

4 fused rings

27 carbons

OH group on C3

cholesterol in plants

stigmasterol

Cholesterol in fungi

ergosterol

sterols produces

steroid hormones

bile acids

Vitamin D to absorb calcium

phosphatidylinositol

regulate cell structure and metabolism

intracellular signals

looks like S/ turtle

PIP 2

Phosphotidylinositol 4,5 biphosphate

Messengers found in cells

ceramide and sphingomyelin function

regulation of protein kinases

intracellular messengers

Eicosanoids

short distance messenger

reproduction

infections

regulation of blood pressure

blood clots

Prostaglandin

cause pain, inflamation

NSAIDs are drugs that fight our our hormones like this one

thromboxane

form blood clotting

Aspirin drug that helps

Leukotrienes LT

contraction of soft muscle like in asthma attacks

vitamin A and D make

hormones

A- Vision, development, cellgrowth

B-carotene

lack of causes congenital malformation, dryness in eyes skin

D- cholecalciferol formed in skin

driven by UV/ sunlight

lack of vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets

Vitamin E

Antioxidants

tolsopherols

helps with aging

lack of causes fragilness, aging faster?

Vitamin K

helps Blood clotting

lack of causes more bleeding due to lack clotting

Phophorylase

breaks a1-4 linkase of endogenous glycogen starch

sugar that we store

liver

a-amylase

Breaks linkage of dietary glycogen starch

sugar that we eat

salivary

breaks on a1-4

Lactose breaks down to what

galactose and gluctose

sucrose breaks down to

glucose and fructose

trehalose breaks down to

2 glucose

manose

a-6 debranching enzymes are broken by

debranching enzyme

breaking down glycogen will produce how many atp

3

breaking down glycogen makes how many atp

2

cellulose breaks down

B1-4

Hexokinase vs. fructose kinase

phosphorylates on c6 in small intestine vs.

phosp on c1 in liver

fructose 1 phosphaet aldolase creases

dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde (which will need atp later so will use triose kinase)

pentose phosphate reaction function

create nucleic acids and fatty acids??