electromagnetic trend down the groups and across the periods

Down: decrease

Left to right: increase

qualities of non polar compounds

symmetrical

AX__

qualities of polar compounds

asymmetrical

AX_E_

bond order trend

greater energy = shorter bond = stronger

hybridization of Cl in ClF₅

sp3d

number of sigma and pi bonds in C₂H₄

5 sigma

1 pi

enthalpy change in H2 + Cl2 -> 2HCl

-186

Enthalpy change in Br2 + 3F2 -> 2BrF3

Br-Br 193

F-F 155

Br-F 249

-836

trigonal bipyramidal

5 bond 0 lone

90 120 180

sp3d

octahedral

6 bond 0 lone

90 180

sp3d2

linear

2 bond 0/3 lone

180

sp / sp3d

trigonal pyramidal

3 bond 0 lone

sp2

120

tetrahedral

4 bond 0 lone

sp3

109.5

bent

2 bond 1/2 lone

120/109.5

sp2 / sp3

trigonal planar

3 bond 1 lone

109.5

sp3

seesaw

4 bond 1 lone

90 120 180

sp3d

T shape

2 bond 3 lone

90 180

sp3d

square pyramidal

5 bond 1 lone

90 180

sp3d2

square planar

4 bond 2 lone

90 180

sp3d2

Which one of the following molecules is polar?

SO₃ BCl₃ Br₂ CCl₄ SF₄

SF4

Polar vs Nonpolar

non polar is symmetrical, with the same X

AX2 AX3 AX4...

How many equivalent Lewis structures are needed to describe the bonding in the nitrite ion, NO₂ ^- ?
What is the average N-O bond order?

2 3/2

Use VSEPR Theory to predict the molecular geometry around the central atom in each of the following molecules. Which of the following molecular geometries are correct?

1. NO₃ ^-, trigonal pyramidal
2. CN^-, linear
3. SO₂, bent

2 3

How many sigma (σ) bonds and pi (π) bonds are in carbon dioxide?

2 2

Which combination of atoms is most likely to produce a compound with ionic bonds?

S and O
N and F
B and C
Mg and O
Si and Cl

Mg and O

Which molecules have sp3d hybridization?

1. SF4
2. XeF2

both

Which has the longest O-O bond? Which has the strongest?

1. H₂O₂
2. O₂

1 2

One resonance structure for OCN^– ion is drawn below. What is the formal charge on each atom?

O atom = –1, C atom = 0, and N atom = 0

Calculate the enthalpy change (Δ _rH) for the reaction below,

N₂(g) + 3 F₂(g) → 2 NF₃(g)

given the bond enthalpies of the reactants and products.

BondBond Enthalpy
(kJ/mol×rxn) N–N163 N=N418 N≡N945 F–F155 N–F283

-288

Which of the following characteristics apply to NCl₃?

1.polar bonds 2.nonpolar molecule 3.triangular-planar molecular shape 4.sp ² hybridized

1

Which of the following compounds has polar covalent bonds : CCl₄, Cl₂, HCl, and KCl?

Cl2

According to molecular orbital theory, which of the following species has the highest bond order?

Li2
F2
C22–
B22+
F22+

C₂ ^2-

Bond order formula

(bonding-antibonding) / 2

Use VSEPR theory to predict the molecular geometry of BrO4–

tetrahedral

Which of the following molecules are nonpolar?

1. NH3
2. CO2
3. F2

2 3

Use VSEPR Theory to predict the molecular geometry around the central atom in each of the following molecules. Which of the following molecular geometries are correct?

1. CO₂, bent
2. H₂O, linear
3. BF₃, trigonal planar

3

What is the molecular geometry around the central atom of ClF₃?

T-Shape

formal charge formula

valence - lone pair electrons - 1/2 bonded electrons

What is the N–O bond order in NO3–?

1.33