What is chromotogrophy?

separating a complex mixture into its components based on solubility (polarity)

more oxygen equals

more polarity

longer wavelengths indicate what

lower frequency and lower energy

Shorter wavelengths indicate what

higher frequency and higher energy

what waves has the longest wavelengths

radio waves

what waves has the shortest wavelengths

gamma rays

what do pigments do?

work together to utilize as much of the light spectrum as possible

What does it mean if a wavelength is absorbed?

That organisms have used energy from it

What are the 2 phases of photosynthesis

light reaction and the Calvin cycle (dark reaction)

What are producers(autotrophs)?

Are able to produce their own food.

What are consumers(heterotrophs)?

They are unable to produce their own food and rely on other soruces.

What is photosynthesis?

When light energy(sun) is transformed into chemical energy(glucose)

What is the order of the visible spectrum(from shortest to longest)

gamma rays, x-rays, UV, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves

What are the 4 pigments found in chloroplast?

Chlorophyll a and B, xanthophylls, and carotenes

Why do green plants appear green?

Because they reflect the green wavelengths of light

What color is chlorophyll a?

blue-green

What color is chlorophyll b?

yellow-green

What color are carotenes?

yellow-orange

What color is xanthophylls?

yellow

Know the pigments location on the strip

A. Carotene

B. xanthinol

C. Chlorophyll a

D. Chlorophyll B

What is mitosis?

A type of cell division that allows cells to grow and increase the number of cells.

Mitosis have what types of cells?

somatic

What is the difference between a haploid(n) and diploid(2n)?

haploid(n)- a single set of chromosomes

diploid(2n)- cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes

Mitosis/cytokinesis start and end with what?

They both start and end with a diploid

What is the basic function of the cell cycle?

to duplicate DNA in chromosomes and separate the copies of the identical cell daughters.

The majority of a cells life is spent where?

interphase (90% of the time)

Interphase of mitosis is split into what periods?

G1, S, and G2

What is the G1 phase?

the cells begins to grow larger.

decondensed chromosomes, mass of chromatin

What is the S phase?

Where the chromosomes are replicated

double-stranded chromosome, identical 2nd arm (sister chromatid

What is the G2 phase?

where the cell prepares to divide by mitosis

enzymes and proteins synthesize to prepare for cell division

What is cytokinesis?

When the cell cycle is completed (after mitosis) and the cytoplasm divides.

How many restriction points(checkpoints) are there in cell division?

3

What are the safeguards in the checkpoints?

They are proteins called cyclin-dependent kinases or cdks

What occurs during the s phase?

chromosomes have a double stranded helix of DNA.

What happens during the s phase?

the 2 strands of DNA helix unwind and separate and each are replicated. By the end there are 2 helixes of DNA called chromatids.

What are centromeres?

where chromatids are joined together(the waist)

When do spindle fibers begin to assemble?

During G2 phase

Human somatic cells have how many chromosomes?

46 - diploids

Human sperm/ova cells have how many chromosomes?

22 somatic plus 1 sex/gamete chromosome – haploid

What are the phases of mitosis?

PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

What happens in prophase?

chromosomes pair up(condense), nuclear membrane disappears, and the miotic spindle begins to form.

What happens in metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle using the spindle fibers. (centrioles play an important role)

Do plants and animals have spindle fibers?

yes

Do plants and animals have centrioles?

No, only animals do.

What are centrioles?

They are small structures made up of microtubules that help organize them. They are also part of the centrosome.

What happens during anaphase?

The sister chromatids are pulled apart. The chromatids are now called daughter chromosomes.

What happens during telophase?

The cell pinches to the middle allowing to cells to begin to form. The nuclear membrane begins to form, spindle fibers/centrioles disappear, and chromosomes begin to uncoil.

What happens during cytokinessis?

The cytoplasm divides and two identical daughter cells are made.

What happens in a plant cell during cytokinesis?

A cell plate is formed

Mitosis is... and meiosis is...

asexual and sexual reproduction

What is meiosis?

Sexually reproduction using gametes (sex cells) containing half the normal number of chromosomes (haploids).

How many rounds of division can meiosis go through?

2 (compared to mitosis which can only go through 1)

Does meiosis have homologous pairs?

yes

What is the difference between homologous and heterologous?

homo-same

hetero-different

What are alleles?

alternate forms of genes

What are the 2 nuclear divisions of meiosis and what do they produce?

Meiosis I and II

-4 daughter nuclei that contain half the chromosomes and DNA of the parent.

Diploid organisms contain what...

homologous chromosomes

What happens during meiosis I?

homologous chromosome separate

What are the phases of meiosis I?

Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase II, Anaphase I, Telophase I, and cytokinesis (1 cell)

What happens during meiosis II?

sister chromatids separate

What are the phases of meiosis II?

prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis. (2 cells)

When do the sister chromatids crossover in meiosis?

during prophase I of meiosis

What does meiosis start and end with?

diploid and ends with haploid

How many chromosomes do diploid cells have?

46

How many chromosomes do haploid cells have?

23

What is Mendel's law?

Because organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes, they also have pairs of genes (Punnett square)

What does capital and lowercase letters mean?

Capital - Dominant

Lowercase- recessive

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

Homozygous: AA or aa (same)
Heterozygous: Aa (different)

What is Mendel's first Law?

Alleles segregate during meiosis

What do punnent squares do?

determine all the possibilities for genotypes that would be present in the next generation

What is a phenotype?

observable characteristic resulting from interaction between genotype and environment

What is a genotype?

genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from both parents.

What is Mendel's 2nd law?

Genes are unlinked and therefore alleles sort independently of one another

Know how to do a punnent square