Organic chemistry

The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

Why is carbon considered to be a "versatile" element?

Carbon has four valence electrons, meaning it can bond to many different atoms

what is a monomer

A monomer is a small molecular unit.

explain the relationship between monomers and polymers

A polymer is a chain of monomers that have been bonded together

dehydration synthesis

When multiple monomers are bonded together, H2O is lost as the bond is formed

hydrolysis

With the addition of H2O, the bond holding the polymer together is broken.

polymer name - starch

monomer name- glucose

polymer name - glycogen

monomer name- glucose

polymer name - cellulose

monomer name- glucose

polymer name - protein

monomer name- amino acids

Benedict's solutions indicates

simple carbohydrates

Iodine indicates

complex carbohydrates

brown paper indicates

lipids

Biuret indicates

protiens

carbohydrates

are the main source of energy for our cells

if a molecule ends in -ose it probably is

carbohydrate

Starch

is found in plants and it's function is long term energy

provides energy to the plant and food chain

Glycogen

is found in animals (liver and muscle cells) and it's function is to provide energy storage (short term)

Chitin

is found in cell walls of fungi, exoskeleton of insects, crustaceans and it's function is to provide structural support for organisms

Fiber

is found in plants (cellulose/carbs) it's healthy to consume a high fiber diet b/c fiber helps sweep through the digestive track and carry out impurities (toxins) and also helps to keep regular.

four functions of a protein in the human body

1) provides structure and support (keratin, elastin, protein)

2)transports proteins (sodium, potassium pump, channels, etc)

3) immunity (antibodies)

4)catalyze chemical reactions

what part of an amino acid can vary?

the "R" group

how many different kinds of amino acids are there?

20 different kinds of amino acids (protein monomer)

if a molecule ends in -ase it probably a

- ase = an enzyme

how is a substrate and an enzyme like a lock and key?

the enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key. The active site and the substrate have complementary shapes.

what do enzymes do in relation to activation energy?

the enzymes make the chemical reaction happen faster, enzymes lower the reaction energy

high glycemic index

it will increase blood sugar by a lot

a fat is composed of ...

glycerol molecule that is joined to three fatty acid tails.

saturated fat

bad (in excess)

single bonds between carbon and fatty acid tails

saturated in hydrogen

found in lots of animal products

straight chains

solid at room temprature

unsaturated fat

double bonds

rigid bonds-> carbon/hydrogen on the same side/opposite

same side = cis

opposite = trans

liquid at room temperature

lipids are...

hydrophobic b/c they are non polar (bonds between the elements that make up the fat share evenly)

DON'T MIX WITH WATER

triglyceride

glycerol molecule bonded too three fatty acid tails

phospholipid

made of 1 glyceride 2 fatty acid tails and 1 phosphate head. The head (phosphate) is hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and is found in the cell membranes forming bilayers

steroid

many uses - steroids are considered a lipid b/c they are hydrophobic but don't resemble regular lipid.

ex) cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone

found/ embedded into the cell wall, it controls the fluidity of the cell membrane

biomolecule

trans fat

is bad b/c these kinds of fats make is hard to metabolize and can cause cardiovascular problems

partially hydrogenated

add more hydrogen to the unsaturated fat