Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which

focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles.

Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with

increased blood ammonia levels.

The pain associated with chronic pancreatitis is generally described as ________ in nature.

steady and boring

Appropriate therapy for prerenal kidney injury includes

fluid administration

A patient, who is 8 months pregnant, has developed eclampsia and is receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. To determine if her infusion rate is too high, you should regularly

check the patellar reflex; if it becomes weak or absent, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest.

It is true that encephalitis is usually

because of a viral infection in brain cells.

A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is

broken and protruding through the skin.

Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by

recipient antibodies.

Rupture of esophageal varices is a complication of cirrhosis with portal hypertension and carries a high ________ rate.

mortality

The most common direct cause of acute pyelonephritis is

infection by E. coli.

The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by

fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance.

Tissues are able to autoregulate their rate of blood flow by controlling

Vascular resistance

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which

acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional.

The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is

rickets

Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina.

Prinzmetal variant

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias.

Detrusor muscle overactivity can be improved by administration of

botulinum toxin.

A patient has been hospitalized several times in 6 months with severe ECV depletion and hypokalemia resulting from chronic laxative abuse. Which blood gas results should be relayed to the physician?

pH in high part of normal range, PaO₂ normal, PaCO₂ high, bicarbonate high

A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is

positive antinuclear antibodies.

The most common cause of urinary obstruction in male newborns and infants is urethral valves.

true

Causes of metabolic acidosis include

tissue anoxia

The pain of nonarticular rheumatism (“growing pain”) is worse

during the night

Parkinson disease is associated with

a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra.

The progressive stage of hypovolemic shock is characterized by

tachycardia

One cause of an extrinsic renal system obstruction is

pelvic tumo

A patient being treated for acute tubular necrosis (ATN) develops mild polyuria. The nurse responds to questions about why this occurring by stating

“His renal tubules are recovering, so he is making more urine, but he is not able to concentrate urine well, because he is not fully recovered.”

Peripheral edema is a result of

venous thrombosis.

A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for

delayed healing

It is true that gallstones are

more common in women

The first indication of brain compression from increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) may be

sluggish pupil response to light.

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

impaired cardiac filling

Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to

fibromyalgia syndrome

Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100?

Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118

Widespread atelectasis, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and diffuse, fluffy alveolar infiltrates on chest radiograph are characteristic of

acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?

Hemolytic anemia

Copious amounts of foul-smelling sputum are generally associated with

bronchiectasis.

Osteoporosis commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease because of

hyperparathyroidism

Excessive red cell lysis can be detected by measuring the serum

bilirubin.

A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?

septic

Air that enters the pleural space during inspiration but is unable to exit during expiration creates a condition called

tension pneumothorax

The prognosis of penile carcinoma depends upon the stage of the disease.

true

What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?

tachycardia

Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure.

increases capillary hydrostatic

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH).

Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by

deficiency of ATP

The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is

erythropoietin administration

A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is

serum potassium

The formation of active vitamin D

is impaired in renal failure

The primary cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome is

lack of surfactant

Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Allostasis is best defined as

the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

Prosthetic joint infection is most often because of

hematogenous transfer.

Fecal leukocyte screening would be indicated in a patient with suspected

enterocolitis

What finding would rule out a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in a patient with chronic diarrhea?

Bloody stools

Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by

inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints

The most likely cause of acidosis in a patient with end-stage renal disease is

insufficient metabolic acid excretion resulting from nephron loss.

A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is

Bence Jones proteins in the urine.

The urinalysis finding most indicative of cystitis includes the presence of

nitrites

It is true that Bell palsy is a

paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve

The most commonly ordered diagnostic test for evaluation of the urinary system is

ultrasonography

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except

decreased blood viscosity.

Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ________ shock.

cardiogenic

The American Diabetes Association recommends a postprandial blood glucose level of ________ mg/dL for adults with diabetes.

less than 180

The effect of stress on the immune system

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

A patient presents to the physician’s office with pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin. The patient is most likely between the ages of _____ years.

4 and 7

Calcium oxylate stone formation is facilitated by

hypercalciuria.

Neuromuscular disorders impair lung function primarily because of

weak muscles of respiration.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) results from

blocked cortisol production.

The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.

true

A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache.

migraine

Urinary retention with consistent or intermittent dribbling of urine is called

overflow incontinence.

A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience

syncope.

Croup is characterized by

a barking cough.

Hypernatremia may be caused by

decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion.

A patient who reports an intestinal fistula also reports feeling “weak and dizzy” when she stands. While taking her blood pressure she becomes temporarily unresponsive but quickly regains consciousness when put into a supine position. What nursing interventions will the nurse implement before calling the physician?

Give her water or juice and some salty crackers and ask if she has had any diarrhea or vomiting.

The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in

fibrinolysis.

The major cause of glomerulonephritis is

immune system damage to the glomeruli.

Hepatitis with the presence of autoantibodies and positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is

autoimmune hepatitis.

The breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles is called

glycogenolysis.

A patient who should be routinely evaluated for peptic ulcer disease is one who is

being treated with high-dose oral glucocorticoids.

A major cause of treatment failure in tuberculosis is

noncompliance.

A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is

pulmonary embolus.

A patient admitted with bleeding related to esophageal varices could be expected to receive a continuous intravenous infusion of

octreotide acetate

Metabolic alkalosis is often accompanied by

hypokalemia.

Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they

have no cytoplasmic organelles

RhoGAM (an Rh antibody) would be appropriate in an Rh-_____ woman with an _____ Rh-_____ antibody titer carrying an Rh-_____ fetus.

negative; negative; positive

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome is an example of a(n)

deficient immune response

Lusitropic impairment refers to

impaired diastolic relaxation

The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure.

capillary osmotic

What reproductive tract disorder is most likely to be associated with urinary stress incontinence?

Cystocele