Sociology of Family Final
The soulmate model
the idea that marriage is primarily about an intense emotional connection between two people that should last only so long as that connection remains happy, fulfilling, lifegiving to the self
what is the soulmate model linked to?
more divorce
is love a decision?
yes, it is not a feeling
the marriage paradox
those who see their marriage as an opportunity to decide to serve others are happier than those who see marriage as a vehicle to feel happy
how many young adults will never marry?
1 in 3
what was the total fertility rate in 2020?
it hit a records low at 1.64 babies per woman
how many young adults will never have kids?
1 in 4
Asian Familism
what are family first marriages built on?
economic foundations:
cultural foundations
what is family first marriage about?
when did marriage become less institutional and more soulmate orientated?
1960s/1970s
couples who embrace the family-first model enjoy the greatest?
marriage quality and stability
Marriage as an institution
marriage has classically aimed to fulfill a range of functions in US
common norms and practices -> roles of husband/wife
what are marital norms?
what is meant by the assumption that married people are different from unmarried people?
How does time-perspective matter?
more commitment means:
Marriage vs. Alternatives
are his and her marriages different?
yes, very different
physical healttth effects of marriage on men
married women and men (blank) more likely to report very happy lives
60%
What does DePaulo think about the selection effect and data on marriage?
what is women wage penalty?
children
what family income premium do women face?
$40,000
Wealth in marriage
married couples save at higher rates, get more wealth from families benefit from economics of scale
for both women and men what is marriage associated with?
less autonomy and fewer choices
for women marriage is associated with?
higher housework burden
what dividends does marriage bear for men, women, and both?
men: health, income
women: wealth
both: sex, mental health
what is at the top of the commitment ladder?
marriage
what majority of people were "extremely" satisfied with emotional quality of sex?
married
what are the outcomes of symmetrical commitment?
many good outcomes
the truth about money and married women
Marriage premium for men (income)
Her marriage
marriage is most likely to benefit men and especially women when they enjoy moderate/hi-quality marriages
The end of the gender revolution?
Gender revolution in United States has left mothers with more opportunities and more choices...
no one strategy for juggling work and family
stalled revolution since the 1990s
Married mothers' work strategies (preferred and actual)
why has the gender revolution has stalled, in part, because...
different women want different things when it comes to combining work and family
what does jessie bernard argue?
gender specialization leads to stress, dissatisfaction, and inequality for women
what do liberal feminist support in terms of home division?
formal equality, 50-50 division of work inside and outside home
what do conservatives support in terms of home division?
the progressive model
more egalitarian marriages should be happier
the approach is consistent with a commitment to a formal 50-50 model of equality
mechanisms:
the conservative model
in marriage:
Mos married mother DON'T wish to...
work full time
strong family orientation
"both feminism and faith give family men a clear: they are supposed to play a big role in their kid's lives. Devoted dad are de rigueur in these two communities. And it shows: both culturally progressive and conservative fathers report high levels of parental engagement
Family-first marriage
found upon 5 pilar:
communion pilar of family first marriage
emotional dimension
financial dimension
couples who reject what are happier?
the individualism of today
how to engage the kids?
commitment (family first marriage)
cash (family first marriage)
community (family first marriage)
stat for husbands and wives who think marriage is for life being happier
73% of wives are very happy in marriage and 79% of husbands are very happy in marriage
how much more likely are unemployed men to divorce?
men who are unemployed are 33% more likely to divorce and women's unemployment has no effect
how does marriage play a transformative role in the lives of men?
why does marriage exercise such a big role in men's lives?
what is the growing class divide in marriage?
what are the changes in marriage linked to?
1/3 of decline in male employment and play especially big role in less-educated men's detachment from work is linked to 11/3 growth in family income inequality and stagnating family income in the US
how are the trends in work and marriage hitting boys especially hard?
boys "born into low-income, single parent headed households-which in the vast majority of cases are female-headed households- appear to fare particularly poorly on numerous social and educational outcomes. A vicious cycle may ensue
what is one reason why the American dream is increasingly elusive to working class ad poor families and their children, especially their boys?
men's eroding connection to marriage and work
A defining feature of our age is that fewer men are married which means..
how to reconnect men to marriage?
what percent of first marriages end in divorce?
20% in 1960 and 39% now
how is marriage a weaker institution?
How women's economic status rising and men's falling effected on marriage
Why did divorce rate more than double between 1960 and 1980?
How secularization effect divorce revolution?
How did feminism effect the divorce revolution?
the women's movement meant that:
how did the psychological revolution effect the divorce revolution?
when was the divorce contagion?
in the 1970s
behavioral aspects of the divorce contagion?
normative aspects of the divorce contagion?
as norms change in certain sectors of population, often influence society as a whole
divorce rate in 1980 compared to now
1 in 2 in 1980 and 29% now
Social structure of the divorce revolution
cultural aspects of the divorce revolution
What are the four horsemen of the marital apocalypse?
Why do couples divorce now?
socioeconomic status
gender issues
sexual issues
other factors
Working-class and poor couples are (blank) more likely to divorce than middle- and upper-class couples
three times
coming from a divorced home increased your divorce risk by...
89%
what is more stable the institutional model or soulmate model?
institutional model
the class divide in divorce
structurally
culturally
what are the consequences of the divorce revolution?
How much does a good marriage boost your global happiness?
545%
what share of divorces initiated by women?
66%
Homeowners are (blank) less likely to divorce?
33%
immigrants are (blank) less likely to divorce
50%
good husbands do what?
good wives do what?
what are the consequences of family instability?
The family diversity theory
What were the prior theories to the family diversity theory?
externalization in men and women
in response to family breakdown young men externalize while women internalize
children from non-intact families (blank) more likely to be depressed
533%
children from intact families (blank) more likely to rise
60%
Andrew Cherlin argument on incompletely instutionalization
the adoption paradox
adaptive parents have higher SES but kids more social and emotional difficulties
most kids in non-intact families are
resilient and do just fine
Why does marriage matter? children are more likely to get...
love
Money
contra family diversity theory
children raised in stable, married families are more likely to get the love and have the money they need to thrive in an increasingly competitive world
cultural and economic reasons for choosing to not have children
for who is childbearing the lowest?
secular progressives
why is childbearing is the lowest for secular progressives?
what is the economic pain caused by low fertility in asia?
Chinese workforce will decline by 21%
what do bare branches in Asia cause?
social isolation
what type of parents are the happiest?
married
what sacrifice and suffering comes from parenthood?
expensive, conflict, and less "me" time
what does love translate into?
meaning
what does pleasure translate into?
oxycotin
who is the fatherhood premium limited to?
married fathers
what do fathers excel in?
pushing their children to embrace challenges, difficulties, outside world
what is a father's distinctive type of discipline?
strength, size, voice telegraph toughness
what are girl without (engaged) fathers more likely to do?
significantly more likely to be sexually active and become pregnant as teenagers
cornerstone marriage
used to be that Americans got married in early 20s
capstone marriage
most americans get married in late 20s early 30s
parke 2013: 150
"Evidence suggests that these differing styles of maternal and paternal interaction may provide unique opportunities to learn different kinds of skills that are important for children's intellectual and social competence."
what are fathers' talents?
providing, play, challenging children, discipline
Married fathers make about (blank) of the family income
69%
the median family income for mothers with children under age 18 was (blank) in 2021 but only (blank) according to the census bureau
$80,000 and $67,000
are married mothers happier than childless women?
yes
what are a mother's distinctive talents?
what are moms' talents linked to?
what does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend about breastfeeding?
recommends infants be breastfeed exclusively until 6 months
how do mothers have an advantage in communication?
what is the biological basis of mother's nurturing?
workist
work is primary source of meaning and key source of financial well-being
statist
state playing a larger role in care of young children, rather than families
what were the results of the free pre-k in quebec in 1997?
attachment theory
a strong and secure attachment to mother gives child
what were the results of the Quebec pre-K study in 2015?
"cohorts with increased child care access subsequently had worse health, lower life, satisfaction, and higher crime rates later in life. The impacts on criminal activity are concentrated in boys."
How would you describe the growing racial inequality in American family life?
Black families disproportionately affected by retreat from marriage of last half century
Why does the growing racial inequality matter?
poverty and wealth
What does Bruce Western argue as an important factor for the growing racial inequality?
mass incarceration
What does Orlando Patterson argue about the legacy of slavery?
there is a culture of gender distrust and trouble rooted in large part in slavery and jim crows
in housing, education, employment, and law enforcement, African Americans (blank) to have experienced and report discriminations
more likely (redlining, hiring discrimination polciing)
what is there a lack of in the black communtiy?
marriageable men
today the majority of African Americans will:
what ethnic/racial group in america attend religious services the most?
African American
what is religious attendance among African Americans linked to?
are religious traditions harmful when it come to the welfare of men, women, children, and families?
conservative religious traditions, such as evangelical Protestantism, that advance traditional ideas about sex and gender are particularly harmful
religion and her marriage J-curve
highly religious and highly secular can the best marriage quality while mixed religious have lower
who has more sex, religious or non-religious?
people who attend church weekly had more people report have sex weekly compared to people who never attend
who is more sexually satisfied?
people who attend church weekly reported more often being happy with sex compared to people who never attend
what does sam perry say about religious people enjoying sex?
those who sacralize sex tend to enjoy better sex
does more faith correlate to less divorce?
yes
generic effect of religion
what does asceticism reduce?
reduces of too much physical or electronic pleasure
which traditions overcome this female orientation?
what are religious women less likely to do?
work outside of the home
The positive effects of religion often do not...
extend to couples and families who do not share a common religious identity
Americans without a college degree are, today, (blank) to be connected to a religious community
less likely
The bottom lines of religion
Why does family matter?
economic security
emotional solidarity
Who are happiest americans?
married with children