micro final
Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions are also commonly known as
allergic reactions
which of the following could result in hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Rh negative mother has a baby with an Rh positive father.
an agricultural worker experiences difficulty breathing which becomes progressively worse. tests show inflammation and damage of the lung tissue, but IgE antibodies and granulocytes are in the normal ranges. Which which disorder of the immune system are these signs and symptoms consistent?
type 3 (immune complex mediated) hypersensitivity
all autoimmune diseases have genetic cause
false
antibody binding to receptors on the thyroid may result in
graves disease
the tuberculin response is mediated by
memory t cells
type 1 diabetes is a(n)
autoimmune disease
the first and second lines of defense against microbial invasion are part of
innate immunity
which of the following cells increase in number during an infection with parasitic worms?
eosinophils
which of the following mucous membranes has cilia to aid in shedding?
lower respiratory system
which of the following is the best definition of "microbial antagonism"
The presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body
which of the following statements about eosinophil function is correct?
they attach to the surface of parasitic helminths and make toxins that kill the parasite
the majority of mature, self tolerant lymphocytes are found in
the MALT
the white blood cells primarily responsible for adaptive immunity are
b lymphocytes and t lymphocytes
the type of immunoglobulin illustrated in the diagram below
IgM
cell-mediated immunity is a function of
t lymphocytes
a sick child may have influenza or RSV these virus infections have different treatment options, so the physician requests antibody titer tests. the results are as follows: anti-influenza antibodies are primarily IgM, and anti-RSV antibodies are all IgA and IgG. which of the following is the most appropriate interpretation?
The child currently has influenza and has previously been exposed to RSV.
which of the following is the result when a CTL interacts with a virally infected cell?
the cell undergoes apoptosis
immature b lymphocytes undergo clonal deletion in the bone marrow.
true
CTLs use the CD95 molecule to recognize their epitope
false
t lymphocytes mature in the
thymus
proteins produced by the innate immune response to fight virus infection are
interferons
some pathogens produce toxins which function as ________ to cause fever
pyrogens
the first true vaccine provided immunity to
smallpox
the assay shown in figure 17.1 is used for what?
detecting antibodies against a complex mix of antigens
because attenuated live vaccines contain viruses that are less virulent, many booster vaccines must be given to produce an effective immune response
false
IgE antibodies are best described as
cause of basophil and eosinophil
an indirect fluorescent antibody test detects
antibodies specific to anitobodies
the role of the interleukins is
signaling between leukocytes
the phenomenon known as chemotaxis is defined as
movement of cell towards and away one
HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency by infected
helper t cells
infection with influenza virus is commonly diagnosed using
both immunochromatogtaphic one
a hemagglutination test is useful for
blood typing
graft rejection can be reduced by
preventing cell proliferation
antigen antibody complexes trapped in tissues and triggering complement activation or mast cell degranulation are a characteristic of
type 3 hypersensitivity
graft rejection can be treated by preventing t cell responses with
cyclosporine
compare and contrast the structure and components of DNA and RNA in prokaryotes
DNA: double stranded, circular shape, deoxyribonucleotides,
RNA: single stranded, ribonucleotides and mRNA, rRNA and tRNA
describe how DNA is packaged in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes: circular chromosomes located in the nucleoid region
eukaryotes: has chromatin - packaged with histone proteins in that structure
how does the genotype of a bacterium determine its phenotype?
through the process of gene expression involves synthesis of mRNA carrying genetic material into the ribosome, used as a template to synthesize a polypeptide
draw and label bacterial growth curve
lag (adapt to nutrients, dna synthesis), stationary (stagnant in number), growth (waste build up), death (nutrients are consumed)
explain quorum sensing and describe how it related to biofilm formation
bacteria uses quorum sensing to coordinate the production of biofilm
why should cardiac nurses and respiratory therapists care about biofilms
because they have suppressed Immune Systems and if you have biofilms they will get an infection
what is the main product of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
ATP
What are plasmids?
extra chromosomal DNA in prokaryotes that replicate independently
what is the difference between missense and nonsense mutations?
missense is one letter change to change and nonsense is a stop codon
which technique would be useful for locating a particular gene in living cells?
FISH (Fluorescence in situ hybridization) - specialized locator
which of the following would not be a potential medical application of recombinant DNA tech?
gene library
which technique would be useful in diagnosing an infection ?
DNA microarray
which of these is not considered "biotech": baking bread, genetically modified vegetable, using a microbe to make human insulin?
all of them
which group of bacteria do the pathogenic species of treponema and borrelia belong to?
spirochates
of the genera agrobacterium, which causes human disease and is transmitted by arthropod vectors?
Rickettsia
what is a potential role of methanogens in global warming?
methanogens produce methane, which traps more heat than carbon dioxide and may contribute to global warming
in which of these ways do archaea differ from bacteria?
- different rRNA sequences
- archaea cell walls do not have
peptidoglycan
- all archaea have unique lipids that are linked by
ether rather than ester linkages
what type of arrangement occurs when bacilli divide by snapping division?
palisades and V-shapes.
what type of microbes have a cell wall that consists mostly of peptidoglycan?
gram positive bacteria
label the reagents and steps of PCR:
1. denaturation (92-94 degrees)
2. priming (60 degrees)
3. extension (72 degrees)
4. repeat
explain the significance of endospores:
Endospores are highly resistant to
heat, which can cause a good
deal of harm
bdellovibrios are intracellular parasites of
bacteria
the reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia is called nitrogen
fixation
small RNAs that bind to an mRNA and alter its expression are known as ____ RNAs
antisense
set of clones representing the entire genome of an organism is known as gene
library
mRNA
carries genetic material
rRNA
reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together
tRNA
brings amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis
introns
non coding of the gene
exons
coding of the gene
the technique called ______ blotting: uses probes to identify specific DNA fragments that have been separated by electrophoresis
southern
a feature of both restriction enzymes and CRISPR systems is the recognition of
palindromes
gene therapy for human genetic diseases has not been successful yet
false
reverse transcriptase synthesizes a dna molecule from an RNA template
true
the goals of recombinant DNA technology include production of new organisms with useful combinations of traits
true
restriction enzymes are useful only on synthetic DNA molecules
false
under ideal conditions, the number of DNA molecules produced during PCR increases exponentially
true
sticky end fragments generated by EcoRI will hydrogen bond to any other sticky end sequence
false
the majority of prokaryotes are capable of forming endospores
false
when an endospore germinates, it gives rise to two daughter cells called vegetative cells
false
various species of streptomyces are important sources of antibodies
true
halophiles grow equally well in the presence or absence of high salt concentrations
false
cocci which divide in the same plane and remain attached are streptocci
true
bacteria in the genus cytophaga are capable of digesting a wide range of complex are important for degrading raw sewage
true