Final exam
What is a microscopic, unicellular organism that lacks nuclei and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotes
What is unicellular and multicellular, nuclei and membrane bound organelles?
Eukaryotes
What are the subgroups of Eukaryotes?
Fungi, protozoa, Helminths
What are acellular microbes?
Viruses and prions
What is the correct way to write a binomial name for a microorganism
- the genus and the specific epithet
- The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lowercase
What is the taxonomic categories?
Domain, kingdom, class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What are the five Is?
Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification
What is producing a culture in the 5 Is?
Inoculation
What is growing the inoculum under the right conditions in the 5 Is?
Incubation
What is a chemically defined media?
Exact chemical composition is known
What is a complex media?
Digests of meat, yeasts, or plants
What is a reducing media?
Contain chemicals that combine O2 (Thioglycollate)
What is magnification?
The ability to enlarge objects
What is resolution?
The capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects and depends on
What is the refractive index?
A measure of light bending the ability of a medium
What are common stains of a simple stain?
Crystal violet, Safranin, and Methylene blue
What is a differential stain?
Uses 2 dyes to differentiate between 2 cell types or cell parts
What kind of stain is a Acid-Fast stain and what is it useful for?
Differential stain and it is useful for mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. Leprae (Actinomycete)
What are the external structures of bacteria?
Glycocalyx, motility (flagella and axial filaments), Attachments (fimbriae and pili)
What is the purpose of glycocalyx?
Protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss
What are the two types of glycocalyx?
Slime layer, Capsule
What are the two types of motility appendages for prokaryotes?
Flagella and periplasmic flagella
What is monotrichous?
Single flagellum at one end
What is lophotrichous?
Small bunches at the same site
What is amphitrichous?
Flagella at both ends
What is petrichous?
Flagella dispersed over surface of a cell
What does the cell wall do?
Determines shape, prevents lysis
What does the cell membrane do?
Providing site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis
What is a prokaryotic cell membrane composed of?
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
What is in the cell cytoplasm in prokaryotes?
Nucleoid, Ribosomes, inclusions and granules, and endospores
What are inclusions and granules in Prokaryotes?
intracellular storage bodies
What produces endospores?
Gram + genera
What two stages do endospores have and what do they do?
Vegetative cell - metabolically active and growing
Endospore - when exposed to adverse environmental conditions; metabolically inactive
What is germination?
Germination - Return to vegetative growth
What is sporulation?
Formation of endospores
What is the chemical composition of Gram + cell walls?
Peptidoglycan, lipotechoic acid, techoic acid, mycolic acid, and pollysaccharides
What is the chemical composition of Gram - cell walls
Lipopolysaccharides, porin proteins, lipoprotein, peptidoglycan
What is the bacterial arrangements of coccus?
Singles
Diplococci
Tetrads - groups of four
Chains - strepto
Clusters - Staphylo
Cubical packets - sarcina
What is the bacterial arrangements for bacillus?
Diplobacilli
Chains - strepto
Palisades
What are the internal structures of Eukaryotes?
Endoplasmic reticulum - SER, RER
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Phagosomes
Cytoskeleton
Vacoules
What is a lysosome?
Vesicles containing enzymes that originate from the Golgi Apparatus
What does the golgi apparatus do?
Modifies, stores, and packages proteins
What does the RER synthesize?
Protein
What does the SER synthesize?
lipids
What is the difference between flagella in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
They are in a 9+2 arrangement
10X thicker than prokaryotic
What is the difference between cillia in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Shorter and more numerous
Found on only one single group of protozoa
What is the 6 step life cycle of animal viruses
Adsorption
Penetration - Endocytosis and fusion
Uncoating
Synthesis
Assembly
Release - Lysis and budding
What is a capsid?
Protein coats that enclose and protect their nucleic acid
What is a capsid composed of?
identical subunits called capsomers
What is a viral envelope acquired?
When the virus leaves the host cell
What are spikes?
Exposed proteins on the outside of the envelope of viruses
What enzymes neutralize the byproduct of the utilization of oxygen?
Superoxide dismutase, catalase
What is a facultative anaerobe?
Both aerobic and anaerobic but greater growth in oxygen
What is aerotolerant anaerobes?
Only anaerobic growth but continues in presence of oxygen
What is generation/doubling time?
The time required for a complete fission cycle for bacteria
What is plasmolysis?
Occurs in a hypertonic solution
Water diffusing out of cell causes it to shrink and becomes distorted
What roles do macronutrients play in?
Cell structure and metabolism
What roles do micronutrients play in?
Enzyme function and maintenance of proteins
What does fermentation do?
Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
What is negative feedback?
Noncompetitive inhibition
The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
What does alcohol fermentation produce?
Ethanol and CO2
What is an apoenzyme?
The protein portion of the enzyme
What is a holoenzyme?
Contains a protein and some other nonprotein molecules
What is a cofactor?
Nonprotein part
Coenzyme (organic)
Metals (inorganic)
What is commercial sterilization?
Killing C. Botulinum endospores
What is degerming?
removing microbes from a limited area
What is 2 ways to test for chemical effectiveness?
Use Dilution
Kirby Bauer test
What methods test for antimicrobial susceptibility
Kirby Bauer test
E-Test Diffusion test
A therapeutic index is the ratio of ...
The dose of the drug that is toxic to humans compared to its MIC
What are conditions that provide opportunities for opportunistic pathogen?
Introduction of microbiota into unusual site in body
Immune suppression
Changes in normal microbiota
Changes in relative abundance
What are three ways a pathogen survives host defenses?
Avoiding phagocytosis, avoiding death inside phagocyte, absence of specific immunity
What are four ways a pathogen attaches firmly to a body?
Fimbriae, capsules, surface proteins, spikes
What are the four major pathways for portals of entry?
Skin, mucous membranes, placenta, parenteral route
What bacteria are endotoxins?
Gram -
What is pathogenecity?
The ability for a microorganism to cause disease
What are 2 antiphagocytic factors?
Bacterial capsule - slipppery; difficult to engulf
Anitphagocytic chemicals - prevent fusion of lysosome and leukocidins directly destroy phagocytic WBC
What is Iatrogenic?
An infection that resulted from modern medical procedures
What protein allows for opsonization?
C3b
What proteins allow for inflammation?
C3a and C5a
What proteins allow for Membrane Attack complex?
C5b-C9
What does CD8 cells cause?
Apoptosis (cell death)