RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ORGANS FORMING THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS IN DESCENDING ORDER
CONDUCTING ZONE STRUCTURES
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs
RESPIRATORY ZONE STRUCTURS
terminal bronchioles and alveoli involved in gas exchange
RHINITIS
inflamed nasal mucosa
SINUSITIS
inflamed sinuses; headache
DEVIATED SEPTUM
nasal septum is significantly displaced to one side, making one nasal air passage smaller than the other
WHY IS IT BETTER TO BREATHE THROUGH NOSE THAN MOUTH?
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
Single layer of squamous epithelium
TYPE I (SQUAMOUS CELLS)
Thin layer that is needed for exchange
TYPE II (CUBOIDAL CELLS)
LARYNX STRUCTURE
formed by 9 cartilages: 3 single & 3 paired
LUNGS STRUCTURE
2 lungs occupy large part of thoracic cavity
PLEURAE STRUCTURE
two membranes surround each lung:
ALVEOLAR CELLS
SURFACTANTS
A fluid produced by
SURFACTANTS FUNCTION
to lower the surface tension at the air/liquid interface within the alveoli of the lung
FOUR EVENTS OF RESPIRATION
PULMONARY VENTILATION (BREATHING)
air goes in and out of lungs
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
gas exchange in lungs between alveolar air and blood
TRANSPORT GASES IN BLOOD
carrying gases between lungs and body tissues
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
gas exchange between blood and tissues
DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases = to the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture
HENRY'S LAW
A gas will dissolve in a liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
ex: bubbles in soda
BOYLE'S LAW
a gas's pressure and volume are inversely proportional
INSPIRATION (INHALATION)
diaphragm muscle contracts -> thoracic cavity expands in superior-inferior direction
external intercostal muscles contracts -> rib cages move out and up; thoracic expands in anterior-posterior direction
EXPIRATION (EXHALATION)
functional importance of the partial vacuum that exists in the intrapleural space
the vacuum would stop removing fluids which would fill the pleural cavity up, making it a positive pressure when it is supposed to maintain a neg pressure
ATELECTESIS
Condition in which all or part of your lung becomes airless and collapse
PLEURISY
Inflammation of the pleura, or membranes, of the lungs
7 FACTORS INFLUENCE PULMONARY VENTILATION
COPDS
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
EMPHYSEMA
Destruction of alveoli and their permanent enlargement
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Inflammation of the airways over a long periods of time
ASTHMA
Cause: airways of lungs to swell and narrow
TUBERCULOSIS
Infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis
LUNG CANCER
Leading cause of cancer death
RESPIRATORY RATE
EUPNEA
Normal breathing
4 RESPIRATORY CONTROL CENTERS IN THE BRAIN
2 in medulla & 2 in pons
MEDULLARY RESPIRATORY CENTERS
DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
PONS RESPIRATORY CENTERS
APNEUSTIC CENTER
PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER
CO2 TRANSPORT IN BLOOD
O2 TRANSPORT IN BLOOD
CHLORIDE SHIFT
mass movement of chloride ions into the red blood cells, to balance charges
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
enzyme present in RBCs convert carbondioxide to bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid in lungs
BOHR’S LAW
hemo-oxy break down faster in low pH,high acidity
HALDANE’S LAW
Less Hb saturation with O2 -> more CO2 transport
OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE
A graphical representation of the relationship between:
DEAD SPACE
the volume of ventilated air that does not participate in gas exchange