Exam 2
An agent used to reduce the number of bacteria on a toilet would most accurately be called a(n)
Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched?
The fate of E. coli O157:H7 in apple cider held at 8°C for 2 weeks, with and without preservatives, is shown below:
A suspension of 106 Bacillus cereus endospores was put in a hot-air oven at 170°C. Plate counts were used to determine the number of endospores surviving at the time intervals shown.
In the figure, what is the thermal death time?
In the table, which compound was the most effective against Staphylococcus?
Which of the following does NOT achieve sterilization?
Which of the following chemical agents is used for sterilization?
Which graph in the figure best depicts the effect of placing the culture in an autoclave for 15 minutes at time x?
A suspension of 106 Bacillus cereus endospores
was put in a hot-air oven at 170°C. Plate counts were used to
determine the number of endospores surviving at the time intervals
shown.
In the figure, the decimal reduction time (D
value) for the culture, which is defined as the time to reduce a
population by one log, is approximately
Microorganisms placed in high concentrations of salts and sugars undergo lysis.
The following data were obtained by incubating gram-positive bacteria in nutrient medium + disinfectant for 24 hours, then transferring one loopful to nutrient medium (subculturing). (+ = growth; - = no growth)
In the table, which disinfectant was bactericidal?
Which of the following results in lethal damage to nucleic acids?
Application of heat to living cells can result in all of the following EXCEPT
Autoclaving is the most effective method of moist heat sterilization.
All of the following are methods of food preservation EXCEPT
Bacteriophage replication differs from animal virus replication because only bacteriophage replication involves
Desiccation is a reliable form of sterilization
Which of the following methods is used to preserve food by slowing the metabolic processes of foodborne microbes?
Which of the following is a limitation of the autoclave?
The preservation of beef jerky from microbial growth relies on which method of microbial control?
In the table, which compound was the most effective against E. coli?
Which of the following best describes the pattern of microbial death?
Which graph in the figure best depicts the effect of placing the culture at 7°C at time x?
Which of the following disinfectants acts by disrupting the plasma membrane
In the table, which disinfectant is the most effective at stopping bacterial growth?
Some antimicrobial chemicals are considered to be disinfectants and antiseptics.
Which of the following regarding antimicrobial control agents is FALSE?
In the table, which compound was bactericidal?
A bacterial species differs from a species of eukaryotic organisms in that a bacterial species
Which statement regarding viral species is true?
Use the dichotomous key in the table to identify a gram-negative cell that ferments lactose and uses citric acid as its sole carbon source.
Into which group would you place a unicellular organism that has 70S ribosomes and a peptidoglycan cell wall?
At this point in time, scientists believe the vast majority of the domain Bacteria have been discovered.
Into which group would you place a photosynthetic organism that lacks a nucleus and has a thin peptidoglycan wall surrounded by an outer membrane?
The highest level in the current taxonomic hierarchy is "Kingdom."
Which of the following is the original basis for differentiation of the three domains of life?
In the cladogram shown in the figure, which two organisms are most closely related?
Which of the following statements about archaea is FALSE?
Which one of the following statements is a reason for NOT classifying viruses in one of the threedomains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) rather than in a fourth separate domain?
Which of the following characterizes the Domain Bacteria?
Which of the following is the best evidence for a three-domain system?
In the scientific name Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter is the
Into which group would you place a photosynthetic cell that lacks a nucleus?
In the figure, the closest ancestor for both species "a." and species "b." would be which of the following?
The phylogenetic classification of bacteria is based on
In the table, which features are found in nearly all eukarya?
Use the dichotomous key in the table to identify a gram-negative coccus.
Which of the following groups in the Domain Archaea require high salt concentrations for survival?
If two organisms have similar rRNA sequences, you can conclude that they
Which of the following statements about members of the Kingdom Plantae is FALSE?
In the table, which feature(s) is (are) found only in prokaryotes?
The arrangement of organisms into taxa
You discovered a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan. You suspect the organism is in the group
Into which group would you place a multicellular organism that has a mouth and lives inside the human liver?
A clone is
A genus can best be defined as
Chloroplasts possess circular DNA and reproduce by binary fission.
________ are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are similar in rRNA sequences, but quite different from each other in motility types and ecology. They have been used previously as a "catch-all" for organisms that couldn't be easily classified into other groups.
Which type of organism would NOT be included in the Domain Eukarya?
Bacteria and Archaea are similar in which of the following?
What is the outstanding characteristic of the Kingdom Fungi?
Into which group would you place a multicellular heterotroph with chitin cell walls?
In the figure, species "c." is most closely related to which of the following?
Which of the following statements about the members of the Kingdom Animalia is FALSE?
Which of the following do you expect to be MOST resistant to high temperatures?
Borrelia is classified as a spirochete because it
Which of the following can survive in phagocytic cells and grows in refrigeration temperatures?
The characteristic most notable regarding the mycoplasmas is that they
Escherichia coli belongs to the
If a patient is diagnosed with a peptic ulcer, which genus of proteobacteria is probably responsible?
A biological control method to reduce the reproductive success of mosquitoes involves the use of
What is group "c." in the key shown in the figure?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of spirochetes?
Streptomyces are important because they
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus can usually be differentiated by microscope examination because of
Which gammaproteobacteria are facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative rods that inhabit the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals?
Which of the following photosynthetic bacteria carries out oxygenic photosynthesis and most likely altered Earth's atmosphere by significantly contributing to the accumulation of oxygen gas?
All of the following bacteria are motile. Which does NOT have flagella?
Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and Serratia are all
Gram-positive organisms with high G+C content are in the phylum __________.
Which of the following statements about the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever is FALSE?
Rickettsias differ from chlamydias in that rickettsias
All gram-negative bacteria are classified as proteobacteria.
The human body is typically free of archaeal species.
The majority of bacterial species on Earth have not been successfully cultivated.
Currently, no members of Archaea have been linked to human disease.
You have isolated and grown a pure culture of a prokaryotic cell type. The first step in identification is a(n)
You have isolated an aerobic gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium that grows well on nutrient agar. To which of the following groups does it most likely belong?
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Which of the following best describes the enterics, a bacterial group found primarily in the intestines of humans?
Seventeen patients in ten hospitals had cutaneous infections caused by Rhizopus. In all seventeen patients, Elastoplast bandages were placed over sterile gauze pads to cover wounds. Fourteen of the patients had surgical wounds, two had venous line insertion sites, and one had a bite wound. Lesions present when the bandages were removed ranged from vesiculopustular eruptions to ulcerations and skin necrosis requiring debridement. Fungi are more likely than bacteria to contaminate bandages because they
Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE?
A definitive host harbors which stage of a parasite?
Trichomonas vaginalis can be distinguished from other parasitic protozoa by which of the characteristics listed below?
Which of the following statements regarding fungi is FALSE?
In mid-December, a woman with insulin-dependent diabetes who had been on prednisone fell and received an abrasion on the dorsal side of her right hand. She was placed on penicillin. By the end of January, the ulcer had not healed, and she was referred to a plastic surgeon. On January 30, a swab of the wound was cultured at 35°C on blood agar. On the same day, a smear was made for Gram staining. The Gram stain showed large (10 µm) cells. Brownish, waxy colonies grew on the blood agar. Slide cultures set up on February 1 and incubated at 25°C showed septate hyphae and single conidia. The most likely cause of the infection is a
Which of the following arthropods does NOT transmit diseases by sucking blood from a human host?
Humans are the definitive host for __________, which is a type of __________.
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Dinoflagellates are a type of unicellular __________. One genus of dinoflagellates is responsible for a foodborne disease called __________.
All of the following are characteristic of algae EXCEPT which ONE of the following?
Three weeks after a river rafting trip, three family members experienced symptoms of coughing, fever, and chest pain. During the rafting trip, the family had consumed crayfish that they caught along the river banks. An examination of the patients' sputum revealed helminth eggs, and serum samples were positive for antibodies to Paragonimus. All of the family members recovered following treatment with praziquantel. In the Paragonimus life cycle,
Which of the following tends to be more complex in a parasitic helminth than in free-living helminths?
Some species of dinoflagellates produce neurotoxins that cause fish kills and red tides.
If a larva of Echinococcus granulosus is found in humans, humans are the
Which of the following statements regarding protozoa is FALSE?
In the malaria parasite life cycle, humans are the ________ host, while mosquitoes are the ________ host as well as the vector.
In helminth life cycles, the organism that harbors the adult sexually reproductive phase of the parasite is called the intermediate host.
Dengue fever and Zika virus are transmitted by which of the following?
Arthropod vectors are blood-sucking animals such as ticks, lice, and fleas that transmit microbial pathogens.
Ringworm is caused by a(n)
A viroid is a(n)
How do all viruses differ from bacteria?
Which of the following substances is used for surgical hand scrubs?
Which of the following events might trigger induction of a temperate bacteriophage?
How is the lytic cycle different from the lysogenic cycle with respect to the infected host cell?
What is the fate of the prophage during the lysogenic stage?
Most drugs that interfere with viral multiplication also interfere with host cell function.
An envelope is acquired during which of the following steps?
Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE?
Which of the following is NOT utilized to culture viruses?
Some viruses, such as human herpesvirus 1, infect a cell without causing symptoms. These are called
Which statement is INCORRECT concerning animal viruses?
________ were first identified in cancer-causing viruses and can induce ________ in infected cells.
An example of a persistent viral infection is
Which of the following statements is NOT true of lysogeny?
What is the key characteristic of a transformed cell?
Oncogenic viruses
Which virus is NOT associated with cancer?
Which of the following statements regarding latent viral infections is true?
Viruses are the only known infectious agents that are obligatory intracellular parasites.
Shingles is an example of
An infectious protein is a
Which of the following statements concerning prion diseases is true?
Which of the following is necessary for replication of a prion?
A persistent infection is one in which
What is an oncogene?
How are viruses different from eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of the structural elements of a virus?
A clear area against a confluent "lawn" of bacteria is called a
Which statement concerning viral structure is true?
Part completeBacteriophage replication differs from animal virus replication because only bacteriophage replication involves
The definition of lysogeny is
A virus's ability to infect an animal cell depends primarily upon the
An example of a latent viral infection is
In which stage is the viral DNA introduced into the cell?
In which stage does formation of mature viruses occur?
The host DNA is usually degraded during which stage?
What would be the fate of a lytic bacteriophage if the host cell died prior to the assembly stage?
Dogs do not get measles because their cells lack the correct receptor sites for that virus.
Why do most scientists agree that viruses are nonliving entities?
In the figure, which structure is a complex virus?
A viral species is a group of viruses that
Binomial nomenclature is used to name viruses.
Which of the following statements about viral spikes is FALSE?
Assume a patient had chickenpox (human herpesvirus 3) as a child. Which line on the graph in the figure would show the number of viruses present in this person as a 60-year-old with shingles (human herpesvirus 3)?
Which of the following is true concerning a lysogenic viral replication cycle?
Assume a patient has influenza. During which time on the graph in the figure would the patient show the symptoms of the illness?