Blood
What are functions of the blood?
-Transport gases, hormones, nutrients and wastes
-Maintenance of
body temperature
-Acid/base balance
-Defense against
microorganisms (virii and bacteria)
What are the major components of blood?
-Plasma (46-63%)
-Formed elements (37-54%)
What is anti-D serum used for
RH typing
Most Common plasma protein
albumin
Most numerous leukocyte in a normal blood smear
Neutrophils
Function of Platelets
blood clotting
Whats the difference between blood serum and blood plasma?
Blood serum has no clotting factor, whereas blood plasma does
What percentage of blood does blood plasma make up?
55%
What percent of blood plasma is water?
92%
The least abundant protein in the blood that is also involved in the clotting process
Fibrinogen
Most abundant cells within circulatory system
Erythrocytes, or RBC's
3 Genes for Rh
C,D,and E. D is the most reactive, and the D-antigen is what determines Rh+ or Rh-
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
The mother's anti-D antibodies pass through placenta and agglunitate the rbc's and the cells hemolyze, or rupture, and the parts are found in circulation of the baby
RhoGAM
Rh immune globulin, which binds fetal RBC antigens so that they cannont stimulate the mother's immune system to produce anti-D antibodies
most abundant type of granulocyte and second most abundant leukocyte
lymphocytes
named after protein antigen; present in rbc membrane
ABO
+ substance that the body recognizes as foreign,
+ stimulates
the immune system to release antibodies
antigen
Blood type determined by
what antigen (agglutinogen) your blood contains
- found in plasma
- bind to rbc & cause clumping
- if
wrong type if transfused...it ruptures
- formed 2-8 months
old
- maximum @ 8-10 years old
antibodies (agglutinins)
+ self antigen (antigen D)
+ named after rhesus monkey
Rh factor
Rh+ if present
NO antibodies
Rh-
antibodies PRESENT
if Rh- gets Rh+ transfusion
it will produce Rh antibody
Landsteiner's Law
if an individual is missing A or B antigen from RBC the individual will have corresponding Ab in plasma
ABO system genotypes and phenotypes
genotypes & phenotypes -
A - AA/AO
B - BB/BO
AB -
AB
O - OO
- O is amorphic
- AB genes are co-dominant
Blood typing is based on the presence of what and on where?
Presence of specific glycoproteins on the outer surface of the RBC plasma membrane
The glycoproteins used for blood typing are called what specifically?
Antigens/agglutinogens
How are antigens/agglutinogens determined?
Genetically
For ABO blood groups, their antigens are accompanied by what other specific plasma proteins?
Antibodies/agglutinins
What is the function of antibodies/agglutinins?
Act against RBCs carrying antigens that are not present on the person's own RBCs
What if the donor blood type doesn't match?
The recipient's antibodies react with the donor's blood antigens, causing the RBCs to clump, agglutinate, and hemolyze.
Describe individuals who do not carry the Rh antigen.
Rh negative
Describe individuals who carry the Rh antigen.
Rh positive
Blood groups are made up of any surface antigen on formed elements, not just ABO and Rh, and include over 500 known antigens.
true
What is the largest leukocyte that contains small cytoplasmic granules and typically a kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus?
Monocyte
A patient is diagnosed with leukocytosis if they have more than __________ WBCs/μL.
10,000
A woman's first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type __________ and both children are most likely __________.
A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive
The main reason why an individual with type AB, Rh-negative blood cannot donate blood to an individual with type A, Rh-positive blood is because __________.
anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor
An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has __________ antigen(s) and can produce anti-__________ antibodies.
B and D; A
The universal donor of RBCs, but not necessarily plasma, is blood type __________.
O, Rh-negative
Why are pregnant Rh- women given an injection of Rh immune globulin?
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies
A person with type AB blood has __________ RBC antigen(s).
A and B
A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type __________ and can receive RBCs from someone of type __________.
AB; O
Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat?
Erythrocytes
Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh+ woman and an Rh- fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.
false
Incompatibility of one person's blood with another results from the action of plasma antibodies against the RBCs' antigens.
true
A person develops anti-A antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen A, and anti-B antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen B.
false
Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to different parts of hemoglobin.
true
Red blood cells are also known as ____.
erythrocytes
____ are biconcave disks that are easy to change shape
RBC
Red blood cells have ____ only that binds reversibly with oxygen.
hemoglobin
There are no ____ in red blood cells, therefore there is no oxygen use, protein production, or reproduction.
nuclei or organelles
____ from bone produces red blood cells.
red bone marrow
Defend the body against disease.
white blood cells
Type ____ blood has no agglutination.
O
Type ____ blood is the universal plasma donor.
AB
Type ____ blood is the universal cell donor.
O
Type ____ blood is the universal plasma recipient.
O
Type ____ blood is the universal cell recipient.
AB
Rh+ indicates the presence of the ____.
D antigen
Anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in ____ individuals.
Rh-
NAME THREE IONS NORMALLY FOUND IN PLASMA.
SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM
NAME TWO GASES NORMALLY FOUND IN PLASMA.
CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN
Which of the following is a function of the blood?
A) transport of nutrients and wastes
B) transport of body heat
C) transport of gases
D) defense against toxins and pathogens
E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following statements about blood is false?
A) Blood contains buffers that control pH.
B) The normal pH of blood is 6.8 to 7.0.
C) Blood is more viscous than water.
D) Blood is about 55 percent plasma.
E) Cells in blood comprise the formed elements.
B) The normal pH of blood is 6.8 to 7.0.
Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?
A) 55 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 45 percent
E) 20 percent
D) 45 percent
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called
A) serum.
B) lymph.
C) whole blood.
D) extracellular fluid.
E) packed blood.
C) whole blood.
Which of the following is/are NOT (a) formed element(s)?
Plasma
Which category of plasma proteins includes the antibodies?
The formed elements of the blood consist of __________.
red and white blood cells and platelets
Proportionately, what is the largest component of the plasma, other than water?
protein
How much blood does an adult male normally have?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood?
All of the listed responses are correct.
In addition to water and proteins, what else make up plasma?
Electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes
What is serum?
Plasma with the clotting factors removed
The most abundant component of plasma is
A) ions.
B) proteins.
C) water.
D) gases.
E) nutrients.
water
Which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood?
A) RBCs
B) platelets
C) antibodies
D) lymphocytes
E) basophils
antibodies
Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.
A) 55; 92
B) 92; 7
C) 92; 55
D) 45; 55
E) 50; 50
55; 92
Which of the following statements concerning red blood cells is false?
A) Red cells are biconcave discs.
B) Red cells lack mitochondria.
C) Red cells are about 18 µm in diameter.
D) Red cells are specialized for carrying oxygen.
E) Red cells can form stacks called rouleaux.
Red cells are about 18 µm in diameter.
The function of red blood cells is to
A) carry oxygen from the cells to the lungs.
B) carry carbon dioxide from the lungs to the body's cells.
C) carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells.
D) defend the body against infectious organisms.
E) carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.
E) carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.
The function of hemoglobin is to
A) carry dissolved blood gases.
B) carry bicarbonate ion.
C) aid in the process of blood clotting.
D) produce antibodies.
E) stimulate erythropoiesis.
A) carry dissolved blood gases.
Fifty to seventy percent of circulating white blood cells are _______.
A) monocytes.
B) lymphocytes.
C) eosinophils.
D) basophils.
E) neutrophils.
neutrophils
The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.
A) differential count
B) hematocrit
C) sedimentation rate
D) WBC count
E) complete cell count (CBC)
differential count
The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen on the cells is added, is called _______.
A) coagulation.
B) agglutination.
C) hemostasis.
D) vascularization.
E) areolation.
agglutination
________ is responsible for the RBC's ability to transport oxygen and CO2.
A) Hemoglobin
B) Fibrinogen
C) Albumin
D) Transferrin
E) Ferritin
Hemoglobin
The antibodies that attack antigens on foreign RBCs are called __________.
aggluntinins
People with type O blood are considered "universal donors" for transfusions because __________.
C. their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens
A person with a type A positive blood can safely receive blood from all of these donors EXCEPT __________.
B positive
Plasma makes up approximately what percentage of whole blood?
55 percent
If agglutinogen B meets with agglutinin anti-A, what is the result?
No agglutination occurs
What type of blood is considered to be the “universal donor”?
Type O negative
Where are red blood cells produced in an adult?
Red bone marrow
Agglutinogens are contained on the __________, whereas the agglutinins are found in the __________.
B. cell membrane of the RBC; plasma
Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the newborn?
A) mother Rh positive, baby Rh negative
B) mother Rh negative, baby Rh negative
C) mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive
D) mother type A+, baby type O+
E) None of the answers is correct.
C) mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive (mother is always rH negative in this disease)
Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________.
A) agglutinins; agglutinogens
B) agglutinogens; agglutinins
C) T-cells; B-cells
D) erythrogens; antibiotics
E) serum; plasma
B) agglutinogens; agglutinins
Anti-D antibodies are present in the blood of
A) all individuals with type AB blood.
B) Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.
C) all Rh positive individuals.
D) Rh positive individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.
E) all Rh negative individuals.
B) Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.
Type AB blood has which of the following characteristics?
A) RBCs have the Rh positive antigens and the anti-D plasma antibodies.
B) RBCs have no surface antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
C) RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies.
D) RBCs have the A and the B surface antigens and the plasma has anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
E) RBCs have the A antigen and the plasma has the anti-B antibody.
C) RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies.
People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because
A) their blood cells lack A and B antigens.
B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.
C) their blood is plentiful in A and B agglutinins.
D) they usually have very strong immune systems.
E) they are usually Rh negative.
B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.