1) If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

FALSE

2) In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.

TRUE

3) The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.

FALSE

4) Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.

TRUE

5) The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

TRUE

6) The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

TRUE

7) Both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems.

FALSE

8) The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.

TRUE

9) Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

FALSE

10) In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

TRUE

11) The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

FALSE

12) The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

TRUE

13) Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.

FALSE

14) Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

TRUE

15) Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

FALSE

16) The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

FALSE

17) Urea is reabsorbed in the nephron loop.

FALSE

18) Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.

TRUE

19) The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.

FALSE

20) An excessive urine output is called anuria.

FALSE

21) Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

TRUE

22) The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.

FALSE

23) Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

TRUE

24) The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

FALSE

25) Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.

TRUE

26) Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.

TRUE

27) Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.

FALSE

28) Fetal kidneys have the primary responsibility of clearing wastes from the fetal blood.

FALSE

1) Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?

A) Cells of the PCT go through a great deal of mitosis.

B) A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.

C) Contraction of the PCT moves filtrate through the tubule.

D) This provides the energy needed to fight kidney infection.

B

2) What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A) They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.

B) Their movements propel the filtrate through the tubules.

C) They increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with the blood's plasma to help activly excrete toxins.

D) They hold on to enzymes that cleanse the filtrate before reabsorption.

A

3) The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________. A) helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space B) aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste C) is easily broken and replaced often D) aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

D

4) The relatively long half-life of lipid soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life. A) The large size of the steroid hormones prevents them from passing through the filtration membrane. B) Steroid hormones are absorbed by target cells before they can reach the kidneys. C) The relatively small size of steroid hormones allows them to easily pass back into the peritubular capillaries if released into the filtrate. D) Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannon pass through the filtration membrane.

D

5) The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following? A) too much protein in the diet B) damage to the filtration membrane C) high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues D) damage to the renal tubules

B

6) Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does not explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries. A) The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole. B) The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole. C) The efferent arteriole has higher resistance to blood flow than the afferent arteriole. D) The flow of blood is reduces as blood reaches the efferent arteriole.

B

7) Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration. A) decreased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that increases the amount of filtration B) increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration C) neutral change in osmotic pressure with no effect on filtration D) increased osmotic pressure in the filtrate the draws plasma through the membrane

B

8) If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Net filtration pressure will increase. B) Urine output will increase. C) Systemic blood pressure will go up. D) Glomerular filtration rate will increase.

C

9) If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Urine output will decrease. B) Net filtration pressure will decrease. C) Systemic blood pressure will decrease. D) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.

C

10) If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. B) Urine output will decrease. C) Systemic blood pressure will decrease. D) Net filtration pressure will decrease.

C

11) If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decrease (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Urine output will increase. B) Systemic blood pressure will go up. C) Glomerular filtration rate will increase. D) Net filtration pressure will increase.

B

12) If the glomerular mesangial cells contract, reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Systemic blood pressure will be lowered. B) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. C) Net filtration rate will decrease. D) Urine output will decrease.

A

13) If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Blood plasma and extracellular fluids volume will increase B) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will decrease C) Net filtration pressure (NFP) will decrease D) Kidney perfusion will increase

D

14) Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney? A) Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR. B) Extrinsic controls will reduce blood plasma volume while intrinsic controls will increase blood plasma volumes. C) Intrinsic controls raise blood pressure while extrinsic controls lower blood pressure. D) Extrinsic and intrinsic controls work in nearly opposite ways.

A

15) Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT? A) loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells B) loss of K+ leak channels at the apical surface C) increasing Na+ concentration in the filtrate D) increasing Na+ in the interstitial fluid

A

16) Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one. Select the answer below that does not describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries. A) higher osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillary B) increased resistance to blood flow at the efferent arteriole C) leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium D) lower hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillary

C

17) The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A) collecting duct B) glomerular filtration membrane C) nephron loop D) distal convoluted tubule

C

18) Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? A) a fenestrated capillary B) a podocyte C) an efferent arteriole D) a vasa recta

D

19) An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. A) increase in the production of ADH B) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma C) increase in the production of aldosterone D) decrease in the production of ADH

A

20) The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. A) transitional B) stratified squamous C) pseudostratified columnar D) simple squamous

A

21) The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. A) when the pH of the urine decreases B) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10 C) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated D) by a decrease in the blood pressure

D

22) Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood B) maintains blood osmolarity C) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

D

23) The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. A) interlobar B) cortical radiate C) arcuate D) lobar

C

24) The descending limb of the nephron loop ________. A) is not permeable to water B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea C) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla D) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule

C

25) Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. B) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. C) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only. D) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch.

A

26) The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. A) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position C) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys D) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently

B

27) The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. A) nephron B) glomerular capsule C) nephron loop D) capsular space

A

28) Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex? A) Its granular cells produce rennin. B) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone. C) It helps control systemic blood pressure. D) It regulates the rate of filtrate formation.

B

29) The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. A) the ionic electrochemical gradient B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) C) protein-regulated diffusion D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

B

30) Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder B) motor neurons C) the stretching of the bladder wall D) the sympathetic efferents

C

31) The filtration membrane includes all except ________. A) basement membrane B) renal fascia C) glomerular endothelium D) podocytes

B

32) The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) filtration B) active transport C) osmosis D) cotransport with sodium ions

C

33) Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments B) not limited by a transport maximum C) in the distal convoluted tubule D) accomplished after the nephron loop is reached

A

34) The macula densa cells respond to ________. A) changes in pressure in the tubule B) aldosterone C) antidiuretic hormone D) changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

D

35) Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) K+ B) Na+ C) creatinine D) glucose

C

36) The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. A) electrolytes B) hormones C) glucose D) plasma protein

D

37) Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells B) inhibits the release of ADH C) increases the rate of glomerular filtration D) increases secretion of ADH

B

38) The function of angiotensin II is to ________. A) decrease the production of aldosterone B) decrease water absorption C) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure D) decrease arterial blood pressure

C

39) An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. A) less than water B) much higher than water C) the same as water D) slightly higher than water

D

40) Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct A) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 B) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 C) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 D) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4

B

41) Select the correct statement about the nephrons. A) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron. B) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. C) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. D) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.

B

42) What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change. B) Net filtration would decrease. C) Net filtration would increase above normal. D) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure.

B

43) Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex? A) macula densa B) granular cells C) podocyte cells D) mesangial cells

C

44) Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption? A) It involves hormonal signals in the collecting ducts. B) It is a purely passive transport process. C) It is a reclamation process. D) It occurs via transcellular or paracellular routes.

B

45) Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop? A) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine B) absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments C) absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network D) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine

A

46) Which of the following is the correct sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus? A) mesonephros, metanephros, pronephros B) pronephros, metanephros, mesonephros C) pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros D) mesonephros, pronephros, metanephros

C

47) Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? A) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy. B) Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function. C) Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. D) Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age.

A

48) The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________. A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure B) myogenic mechanism C) capsular hydrostatic pressure D) colloid osmotic pressure of the blood

A

49) If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. A) appear in the urine B) be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells C) be actively secreted into the filtrate D) be completely reabsorbed by secondary active transport

A

50) If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? A) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. B) The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult. C) The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood. D) Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules.

A

51) Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. A) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water B) the presence of ADH C) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water D) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending nephron loop

A

52) Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A) by producing new bicarbonate ions B) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions C) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate D) by secreting sodium ions

D

53) In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ________. A) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption B) thin segment is freely permeable to water C) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride D) thick segment is permeable to water

A

54) Select the correct statement about urinary system development. A) The metanephric ducts will become the urethras. B) The pronephros (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation. C) The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys. D) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.

D

55) What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys B) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys C) help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys D) help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys

B

56) Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? A) nephron loop B) vasa recta C) principal cell D) macula densa

D

57) Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? A) thyroxine B) atrial natriuretic peptide C) ADH D) aldosterone

C

58) Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? A) electrolyte levels B) hormonal regulation C) renal autoregulation D) neural regulation

A

59) Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? A) angiotensin I and epinephrine B) angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide C) angiotensin II and ADH D) angiotensin II and aldosterone

D