module 1-6 psychology
In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to ________.
internal, covert activities
outward behavior
overt actions and reactions
only animal behavior
internal, covert activities
The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology?
structuralism
functionalism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement?
William James
Sigmund Freud
B. F. Skinner
Wilhelm Wundt
B. F. Skinner
Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?
structuralism; observable behavior
Gestalt; whole
psychoanalysis; unconscious conflict
natural selection; functionalism
structuralism; observable behavior
Which of the following statements is correct?
A psychologist has no medical training.
A psychiatrist generally goes to graduate school, not medical school.
Psychiatric social workers can prescribe medication.
An M.D. and a Ph.D. are pretty much the same thing.
A psychologist has no medical training.
The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Specialties in Psychology for $300." The revealed answer is, "These psychological professionals work with situations in which environmental conditions may have an impact on mental health." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?
"What is a neuropsychologist?"
"What is a forensic psychologist?"
"What is a psychiatric social worker?"
"What is a developmental psychologist?"
"What is a psychiatric social worker?"
Pavlov's research demonstrated that ________.
involuntary reaction (salivation) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell)
an unrelated stimulus (salivation) could occur in response to an involuntary reaction (sound of a bell)
involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (food)
an unrelated stimulus (food) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (barking)
involuntary reaction (salivation) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell)
Dr. Braunz has been treating a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braunz is a ________.
psychiatrist
psychoanalyst
humanistic psychologist
school psychologist
psychiatrist
Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?
Gestaltist
behavioralist
psychodynamic
functionalist
behavioralist
Who was an early proponent of functionalism?
Ivan Pavlov
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
Max Wertheimer
William James
Freud stressed the importance of ________.
early childhood experiences
adolescence
early adulthood
middle adulthood
early childhood experiences
In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by ________.
William James
William Tell
Wilhelm Wundt
Sigmund Freud
Wilhelm Wundt
The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they:
examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes.
were the first to use brain-scanning techniques to learn about the structure of the brain.
realized the limits of introspection and focused on the function of behaviors.
were strongly influenced by Charles Darwin.
examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes.
Freud said phobias were ________ whereas Watson said phobias were ________.
learned; inherited
repressed conflicts; learned
sexual; unconscious
conditioned; unconditioned
repressed conflicts; learned
On a television talk show, an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist back in Hollywood. You conclude that the actor's therapist is probably a ________.
podiatrist
psychiatrist
clinical psychologist
counseling psychologist
psychiatrist
You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?
behaviorism
humanism
functionalism
psychodynamics
humanism
Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?
psychoanalysis
humanism
cognitive perspective
behaviorism
humanism
How our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early movement of psychology?
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Functionalism
Structuralism
Functionalism
What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?
free will
brain physiology
the unconscious mind
external consequences
the unconscious mind
Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"?
Gestaltist
behaviorist
structuralist
functionalist
Gestaltist
The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.
intervention
objective introspection
insight inventory
induction
objective introspection
The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying:
the reasons people give for their behaviors.
the specific personality traits that lead to behavior.
how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response.
the purposes of people's behavior.
how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response.
The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?
"Who is B.F. Skinner?"
"Who are the humanists?"
"Who is Sigmund Freud?"
"Who are the behaviorists?"
"Who is Sigmund Freud?"
The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that ________.
dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to habituation
dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to reflexology
dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to a learned reflexive response called conditioning
dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to their fear response
dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to a learned reflexive response called conditioning
Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?
the scientific study of behavior
the scientific study of mental processes
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied.
The double-blind study
Field research
The single-blind study
Correlational research
The double-blind study
Perceiving the question is the first step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology?
describing
explaining
predicting
changing
describing
A researcher stops people at the mall and asks them questions about their attitudes toward gun control. Which research technique is being used?
survey
experiment
case study
naturalistic observation
survey
A variable that the experimenter manipulates is called a(n) ________.
coefficient of correlation
dependent variable
control condition
independent variable
independent variable
Ideally, everything in the experimental situation except the _________ is held constant.
inferential statistics
placebos
independent variables
hypotheses
independent variables
A researcher is investigating the effects of exercise on weight. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment?
The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise.
The independent variable is calories consumed; the dependent variable is diet.
The independent variable is weight; the dependent variable is calories consumed.
The dependent variable is amount of exercise; the independent variable is calories consumed.
The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise.
Forming a hypothesis is the second step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from two goals of psychology—description and ________.
control
explanation
predicting
changing
explanation
Which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association?
Participants may not withdraw once they start.
Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision.
Participants cannot be subjected to shock of any kind.
Participants cannot be deceived about aspects of the research.
Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision.
Which of the following statements concerning using animals in research is correct?
There are no ethical guidelines when it comes to animals.
There are rules that prevent the killing of animals.
Pain and suffering of animals are allowed, but only when necessary, and must be minimized as much as possible.
New ethical guidelines prevent the use of primates in psychological research.
Pain and suffering of animals are allowed, but only when necessary, and must be minimized as much as possible.
In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is ________.
the use of nicotine
the use of a driving simulator
the number of collisions
the driving skills of each driver
the use of nicotine
Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT ________.
participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation.
participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment
rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study's value to science.
participants may withdraw from the study at any time.
participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment
A good control group ________.
contains at least one confound
has a limited number of dependent variables
has a limited number of research participants
holds constant all variables in the experiment
holds constant all variables in the experiment
Which of the following is CORRECT concerning random assignment?
In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance for each condition.
In random assignment, each participant is assigned alphabetically to each condition.
Random assignment can only be determined after an experiment is over.
The best formula for random assignment is birth dates.
In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance for each condition.
Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the ________.
naturalistic observation method
experimental method
survey method
psychometric approach
naturalistic observation method
Sally proposes the idea that one's sexual history prior to marriage may be linked to whether one ends up getting divorced. This best represents which step of the scientific method?
testing the hypothesis
observing events
forming a hypothesis
formulating a theory
forming a hypothesis
What is one of the major reasons that psychologists report results publicly?
to comply with legal requirements
to identify all the extraneous variables
to allow researchers to replicate experiments
to explain research results so that non-psychologists can understand them
to allow researchers to replicate experiments
Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect?
You sleep because you are tired.
You throw up after eating bad meat.
You have surgery to repair a defective heart valve.
You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol.
You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol.
In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the dependent variable is ________.
the use of nicotine
the use of a driving simulator
the number of collisions
the driving skills of each driver
the number of collisions
In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the participants who smoke a cigarette without nicotine comprise the ________.
control group
driving simulator
experimental group
no-control group
control group
Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should ________.
give the survey to every college junior in the country
remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research
require students' names on each survey to avoid the tendency to lie
draw a representative sample among college juniors
draw a representative sample among college juniors
The tendency to look for information that supports one's own belief is called ________.
the principle of falsifiability
confirmation bias
criterion validity
volunteer bias
confirmation bias
Which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation?
It recreates natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid.
It involves observing behavior in its natural context.
It is basically the same process as objective introspection.
It involves observing behavior in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experimental findings.
It involves observing behavior in its natural context.
"Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a(n) ________.
conclusion
result
hypothesis
fact
hypothesis
The first step in any scientific investigation is ________.
forming the hypothesis
perceiving the question
coming to a conclusion
developing an argument
perceiving the question
Dr. Keller has individuals run on a treadmill for 0, 15, or 30 minutes and then measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the independent variable is:
the self-reported mood.
the individuals who run for 15 or 30 minutes.
the individuals who run for 0 minutes.
the number of minutes individuals run on the treadmill.
the number of minutes individuals run on the treadmill.
Double-blind studies control for ________.
only the placebo effect
only the experimenter effect
both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect
extrinsic motivation
both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect
________ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group.
The double-blind study
Field research
The single-blind study
Correlational research
The single-blind study
Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method?
What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability?
Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations?
Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?
What is the relationship between number of hours of study per week and grade point average?
Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?
Warren is having trouble deciding what he wants to eat for breakfast. Which lobe of his brain is especially active as he makes his selection?
temporal
parietal
frontal
occipital
frontal
Which of the following is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the visual centers of the brain?
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
frontal lobe
occipital lobe
The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech, is called the ________.
temporal lobes
parietal lobes
frontal lobes
occipital lobes
temporal lobes
If you have a problem remembering things that happened a year ago, doctors might check for damage to the area of the brain called the ________.
hippocampus
hypothalamus
fornix
amygdala
hippocampus
Neuroplasticity is most evident in which of the following circumstances?
during the elderly years
when we learn something new or store new information
when we are trying to undo previous pruning
when reuptake of excess neurotransmitters is taking place
when we learn something new or store new information
The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.
brain; spinal cord
autonomic; somatic nervous systems
peripheral nervous system; central nervous system
glands; muscles
peripheral nervous system; central nervous system
Which of the following is a function of the right hemisphere?
perception, recognition of emotion, and recognition of patterns
sense of time and rhythm
speech, handwriting, and calculation
language processing in most individuals
perception, recognition of emotion, and recognition of patterns
Which of the following is the upper part of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres and the structures that connect them?
occipital lobe
cerebrum
corpus callosum
cerebellum
cerebrum
Which of the following lobes are involved in planning, memory, and personality?
temporal lobes
parietal lobes
frontal lobes
occipital lobes
frontal lobes
Darla was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. Her sense of touch has been affected. Which part of the brain is the most likely site of the damage?
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
parietal lobes
parietal lobes
The function of the neuron's axon is to ________.
carry messages to other cells
regulate the neuron's life processes
receive messages from neighboring neurons
insulate against leakage of electrical impulses
carry messages to other cells
The ________ is a structure in the brain stem responsible for life-sustaining functions, such as breathing and heart rate.
reticular activating system
pons
medulla
cerebellum
medulla
Ever since he suffered a brain injury by falling from a ladder, Zack's wife has continued to tell the doctor that his personality has changed. He used to be fun loving and carefree, but he is now more critical and yells at his children for seemingly little reason. Zack is likely to have suffered damage to the ________ of his cortex.
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
frontal lobe
frontal lobe
The peripheral nervous system consists of ________.
all of the nerve cells that are not in the brain and spinal cord
all of the nerves in the brain and the spinal cord
the spinal cord and autonomic system
the brain and the autonomic system
all of the nerve cells that are not in the brain and spinal cord
A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell is called a ________.
glial cell
neurotransmitter
precursor cell
synapse
neurotransmitter
The ________ lobes are located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere, containing the centers for touch, body position, and temperature.
frontal
temporal
occipital
parietal
parietal
Bill was admitted to the hospital last week after he fell. When Bill's son visited, he found that his father was unable to get words out in a smooth, connected fashion. If Bill's difficulty speaking is due to brain damage, what is the likely location of the damage?
Broca's
Gall's
Wernicke's
Korsakoff's
Broca's
________ receive messages from other neurons and ________ send messages to other neurons.
Axons; dendrites
Axon; soma
Soma; glial cells
Dendrites; axons
Dendrites; axons
The term neurotransmitter refers to ________.
a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse
any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system
the chemical substance found in the cell membrane
the DNA contained in the nucleus of every neuron
a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse
Jack suffered a brain injury as a result of hitting his head while waterskiing. One of the problems that developed was that Jack could not pronounce certain words correctly for a long period of time until he had extensive speech therapy; he can now speak as he did before his accident. This is an example of the brain's ________, which allowed the structure and function of his brain cells to change to adjust to the trauma.
adaptology
stagnation
neuroplasticity
reflex arc
neuroplasticity
The cortex is divided into two sections referred to as ________.
cerebral hemispheres
cerebellums
corpus callosums
neurotransmitters
cerebral hemispheres
The function of the ________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body.
soma
synapse
nervous system
endorphins
nervous system
The brain and spinal cord are two components of the ________.
central nervous system
somatic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system
central nervous system
After a head injury, a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured. A doctor would suspect an injury in the ________ lobe.
occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal
occipital
Tracey has been unable to participate in her gymnastics class and has become very uncoordinated since she was involved in an accident where she suffered a head injury. As a result of the accident, she was likely to have suffered damage to her ________.
cerebellum
medulla
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
cerebellum
________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.
Serotonin
Testosterone
Estrogen
Melatonin
Melatonin
The deepest stage of sleep is ________ sleep.
Stage 1 (N1)
Stage 2 (N2)
Stage 3 (N3)
REM
Stage 3 (N3)
REM sleep refers to ________.
dreamless sleep
sleep induced by sleeping pills
sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely
sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly
sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly
Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms?
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
sleep terror
REM sleep behavior
sleep apnea
Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from ________.
narcolepsy
parasomnia
REM rebound
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?
Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.
The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays.
Heart rates typically increase at night.
Part of the brain is sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness.
Part of the brain is sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness.
The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the ________.
optic nerve
frontal lobe
hypothalamus
median forebrain bundle
hypothalamus
Which of these individuals has the highest risk of sleep apnea?
John, 62 years old, who is overweight
Angela, 21 years old, who is depressed
Alicia, 42 years old, who is suffering from anorexia
Jack, 8 years old, who is experiencing episodes of enuresis
John, 62 years old, who is overweight
Jaden is 11 years old, and still urinates in the bed while he sleeps. While this does not happen every night, it is highly embarrassing for him and is becoming a problem for the family. From which disorder is Jaden suffering?
enuresis
narcolepsy
sleep terror
daytime insomnia
enuresis
Narcolepsy occurs when ________.
REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks
inadequate levels of Stage 4 sleep cause neurological damage
REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
CPAP stands for ________.
continuous positive airway pressure
cancer prevention application procedure
controlled pulmonary air pump
correctable pointed airflow problem
continuous positive airway pressure
A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called ________.
sleep apnea
insomnia
narcolepsy
cataplexy
sleep apnea
Which of the following can be an emotional symptom of sleep deprivation?
hyperactivity
cheerfulness
depression
nausea
depression
Consciousness is the ________.
state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
awareness of ourselves and the environment
memory of personally experienced events
intentional recollection of an item of information
awareness of ourselves and the environment
A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ________ cycle.
infradian
circadian
diurnal
ultradian
circadian
Mary is having insomnia. Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it? T
ake sleeping pills.
Go to bed every night at different times to "shock your sleep system."
Study in bed and then go immediately to sleep.
Don't do anything but sleep in your bed.
Don't do anything but sleep in your bed.
What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis?
daydreaming
meditative absorption
stream of consciousness
altered state of consciousness
altered state of consciousness
The state in which our thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, and we feel alert is called ________.
altered state of consciousness
waking consciousness
self-awareness
intelligence
waking consciousness
Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during Stage 2 sleep are called ________.
delta waves
sleep spindles
paradoxical sleep waves
beta waves
sleep spindles
The difference between insomnia and apnea is that ________.
apnea affects primarily the elderly, whereas insomnia is characteristic of children
insomnia is treatable but apnea is not
insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties
apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, whereas insomnia is not
insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties
A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________.
zombulism
cataplexy
narcolepsy
insomnia
insomnia
Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?
electromyograph (EMG)
electrocardiograph (EKG)
electro-oculograph (EOG)
electroencephalograph (EEG)
electroencephalograph (EEG)
A newspaper advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meaning of the symbols of their dreams, the author intends to describe the ________.
deep content
latent content
manifest content
subliminal content
latent content
Morphine, heroin, and methadone ________.
are stimulants
are derived from opium
are often used to treat ADHD
increase the action of the central nervous system
are derived from opium
Caffeine is a ________.
stimulant
depressant
narcotic
psychogenic drug
stimulant
After taking a drug for several years, Bruce decides to quit taking it. He begins to experience a variety of physical symptoms, psychological symptoms such as irritability, and a strong craving for the substance. What term is used to describe what Bruce is experiencing?
tolerance
physical dependence
withdrawal
drug intoxication
withdrawal
Nicotine is a ________.
stimulant
depressant
narcotic
psychogenic drug
stimulant
Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing ________.
drug tolerance
drug detoxification
withdrawal
overdrawal
drug tolerance
The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to ________.
the gender of the person doing the hypnotizing
education
state of suggestibility
time of day
state of suggestibility
Which of the following is classified as a depressant?
cocaine
alcohol
heroin
marijuana
alcohol
What is the primary difference between a hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucination?
Hypnogogic hallucinations occur just after we've fallen asleep, while hypnopompic hallucinations occur between REM sleep and waking up.
Hypnogogic hallucinations occur in REM sleep, while hypnopompic hallucinations occur in NREM sleep.
Hypnogogic hallucinations occur in NREM sleep, while hypnopompic hallucinations occur in REM sleep.
Hypnopompic hallucinations occur just after we've fallen asleep, while hypnogogic hallucinations occur between REM sleep and waking up.
Hypnogogic hallucinations occur just after we've fallen asleep, while hypnopompic hallucinations occur between REM sleep and waking up.
Chemicals that can alter thinking, perception, and memory are called ________.
legal drugs
illegal drugs
hallucinogens
psychoactive drugs
psychoactive drugs
Benzedrine, methedrine, and dexedrine are all ________.
narcotics
depressants
illegal
amphetamines
amphetamines
Selma notices that as her supply of marijuana decreases, she starts thinking more and more about where she can get another supply as well as feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of ________.
withdrawal
tolerance
physiological dependence
psychological dependence
psychological dependence
According to Sigmund Freud, the important underlying meaning of our dreams is found in the ________.
deep content
latent content
manifest content
subliminal content
latent content
Drugs that speed up the functioning of the nervous system are called ________.
stimulants
depressants
narcotics
psychogenics
stimulants
When amphetamines are abused, the resulting effects may include ________.
loss of appetite, nausea, high blood pressure, and vomiting
increased appetite, sleepiness, and euphoria
heart disease, high blood pressure, impaired circulation, and erectile problems in men
restlessness, insomnia, muscle tension, heartbeat irregularities, and high blood pressure
loss of appetite, nausea, high blood pressure, and vomiting
The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming states that ________.
the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts
dreams are merely another kind of thinking; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals
the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems
dreaming is a byproduct of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections
dreams are merely another kind of thinking; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals
Which statement is CORRECT concerning marijuana?
There is evidence that marijuana is physically addictive.
There is evidence that marijuana is psychologically addictive.
There is evidence that marijuana causes cancer.
Marijuana usage can lead to psychological dependence.
Marijuana usage can lead to psychological dependence.
You are listening to a person who keeps telling you to relax, attempting to create a situation in which you are likely to follow suggestions. What treatment are you undergoing?
psychotherapy
reprogramming
autosuggestion
hypnosis
hypnosis
In comparing the dreams of men and women, researchers have found that generally ________.
there is no difference between them
men dream more about home and family than women do
women dream more often about strangers than men do
Men's dreams more often involve cars, weapons, tools, and sex
Men's dreams more often involve cars, weapons, tools, and sex
Psychoactive drugs are ________.
drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system
drugs capable of altering thinking, perception, and memory
drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system
drugs derived from the opium poppy that relieve pain and produce euphoria
drugs capable of altering thinking, perception, and memory
Freud believed that dreams ________.
stem from unconscious conflicts, events, and desires
are sexual perversions
are reflections of consciousness
are ways to solve problems
stem from unconscious conflicts, events, and desires
The need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is called ________.
a craving
tolerance
obsessive compulsion
physical dependence
physical dependence
Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?
if it is a primary reinforcer
if it is a positive reinforcer
if it is a negative reinforcer
regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur
regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur
Veronica has a very generous boss who occasionally brings in gift cards for his workers. He does this for no particular reason; it is just a nice way to keep people motivated. Veronica never knows when she is going to get a special bonus from her boss. Veronica's boss is reinforcing his workers according to a ________ schedule.
fixed interval
fixed ratio
variable ratio
variable interval
variable interval
A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn to not eat the sheep after they become sick from the bait he leaves. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of _________ to accomplish this.
observational learning
latent learning
instrumental conditioning
conditioned taste aversions
conditioned taste aversions
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) ________.
unconditioned response
voluntary response
conditioned response
digestive reflux
unconditioned response
A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior.
motivates; stimulates
weakens; strengthens
inhibits; motivates
strengthens; weakens
strengthens; weakens
After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.
behavior modification
stimulus discrimination
extinction
stimulus generalization
stimulus generalization
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
punishment
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
punishment
A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
primary
negative
positive
secondary
primary
For every five times that you go to the gym each week, you reward yourself with a treat. This BEST illustrates which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
fixed ratio
variable ratio
variable interval
fixed interval
fixed ratio
When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________.
unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ________.
can potentially reinforce or punish behavior
do not satisfy physical needs whatsoever
do not inherently satisfy physical needs
only pertain to intangible objects or events, such as praise
do not inherently satisfy physical needs
Getting paid for each basket of apples you gather represents which schedule of reinforcement?
fixed interval
fixed ratio
variable ratio
variable interval
fixed ratio
Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ________.
blocking
conditioned taste-aversion
operant taste conditioning
noncontingent conditioning
conditioned taste-aversion
The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.
Skinner
Tolman
Kohler
Pavlov
Pavlov
What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?
Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat.
Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly.
Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur.
Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present.
Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur.
A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________.
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
biofeedback theory
social learning theory
operant conditioning
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
vicarious learning
cognitive learning
operant conditioning
As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________.
instrumental learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
habituation
classical conditioning
________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
Learning
Adaptation
Memory enhancement
Muscle memory
Learning
Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ________.
unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ________.
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
Ira has been smoking cigarettes for years, and particularly enjoys smoking when he goes to a casino to play blackjack. He recently quit smoking and has been cigarette-free for eight months. In that time, he has also had no opportunity to go back to a casino to play cards. Tonight, he and some friends went to play blackjack, and once he sat down at the table he got a sudden and irresistible urge to smoke a cigarette, and ended up smoking a pack in one night. Ira's unexpected desire to smoke was a result of ________.
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
latent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response.
classical counterconditioned
conditioned emotional
positively reinforced
negatively reinforced
conditioned emotional
A monthly paycheck BEST represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed interval
variable interval
fixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
Reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) in time is most likely to be a ________ schedule.
variable ratio
variable interval
fixed interval
fixed ratio
fixed interval
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a ________.
colorful clown
brown mouse
white rat
white puppy
white rat
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________.
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
effective based learning
spontaneous recovery
operant conditioning