Which of the following is directly involved in the initiation of dental caries?

lactic acid

In humans, beef tapeworm infestations are acquired by ingesting ______.

cysticerci of Taenia saginata in undercooked meat.

The most common cause of traveler's diarrhea is _______.

Escherichia coli.

Which of the following is mismatched?

hydatid disease — humans are the definitive host

Thorough cooking of food will prevent all of the following EXCEPT ______.

staphylococcal food poisoning.

Most of the normal microbiota of the digestive system are found in the _______.

small intestine and large intestine.

Gums bleeding while brushing one's teeth is most commonly associated with _______.

gingivitis.

Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is usually preceded by _______.

extended use of antibiotics.

Which of the following organisms is likely to be transmitted via undercooked pork and horse?

Trichinella spiralis

A vaccine to provide active immunity to HBV is prepared from _______.

genetically modified yeast.

Aflatoxin is a(n) ________ associated with ingestion of contaminated ________.

mycotoxin; peanuts

Which of the following causes inflammation of the liver?

hepatitis A virus

"Rice water stools" are characteristic of _______.

cholera.

Epidemics related to bacterial infection of the digestive system are typically caused by ________.

contaminated food and water.

Dental plaque is an example of ________.

a biofilm.

Which of the following is mismatched?

Salmonella endotoxin — lyses red blood cells

Which of the following statements about salmonellosis is FALSE?

The mortality rate is high.

Bacterial intoxications differ from bacterial infections of the digestive system in that intoxications ________.

have shorter incubation times.

The most common mode of HAV transmission is _______.

contamination of food during preparation.

Which of the following correctly lists the stages of tooth decay?

plaque accumulation, destruction of enamel, advancement of decay through enamel, decay in dentin, decay in tooth pulp

Which of the following is included in GALT?

Peyer's patches

All of the following are gram-negative rods that cause gastroenteritis EXCEPT ________.

Clostridium perfringens.

Helicobacter pylori can grow in the stomach because it ________.

possesses an enzyme that neutralizes HCl.

All of the following are eukaryotic organisms that cause diarrheal disease EXCEPT ________.

Campylobacter.

Disease-causing exotoxins are produced by all of the following organisms EXCEPT _______.

Shigella dysenteriae.

All of the following pertain to pinworm infections EXCEPT _______.

it is most commonly transmitted by cysts in water.

Which of the following is mismatched?

eggs — Trichinella spiralis

Which one of the following diseases of the gastrointestinal system is transmitted by the respiratory route?

mumps

The digestive tract is essentially one long tube. The order of the structures, beginning with the mouth, is ________.

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

Which of the following helminthic diseases is a common infestation found in the southeastern United States?

Ascaris lumbricoides

Poultry products are a likely source of infection by ______.

Salmonella enterica.

All of the following infections can result from drinking contaminated water EXCEPT ________.

trichinellosis.

Campylobacter gastroenteritis is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States.

True

Aflatoxin poisoning is associated with liver cancer.

True

Lactic acid, an end product of fructose fermentation, causes breakdown of tooth enamel and, eventually, cavities.

True